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Reading 4.11
Age of Reform
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Antebellum Period | Term used to describe the time period after the War of 1812, but before the Civil War that included many reform movements, but also rising sectionalism. |
| Temperance | Reform movement to limit or eliminate the consumption of alcohol because of the high rate of alcohol consumption and connections to various societal ills such as crime, poverty and abuse of women. |
| American Temperance Society | Organization founded in 1826 by Protestant ministers and others who were concerned with drinking and tried to persuade people to take a pledge of total abstinence. |
| Washingtonians | Organization founded in 1840 by a group of recovering alcoholics who argued alcoholism was a disease that needed practical, helpful treatment. |
| Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) | Influential organization founded by women that played a major role in the temperance and prohibition movements of the late 1800s and early 1900s. |
| Dorothea Dix | Reformer and former schoolteacher who was horrified by the terrible treatment of the mentally ill and advocated for professional treatment and better facilities for mentally ill persons. |
| Thomas Gallaudet | Education reformer who opened the first school for the deaf in the United States and advocated for the creation of more schools for people with physical disabilities. |
| Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe | Education reformer and abolitionist who opened one of the first schools for the blind in the United States and advocated for the creation of more schools for people with physical disabilities. |
| Penitentiaries | New prisons built as a reform attempt, where prisoners were placed in solitary confinement to force them to reflect on sins and repent, however, the high rate of prisoner suicides ended the experiment. |
| Asylum Movement | Reformers proposed setting up new public institutions such as state-supported prisons and mental hospitals with the hope that structure and discipline would cause inmates to morally reform. |
| Auburn System | Penal reform experiment in New York that enforced rigid rules of discipline while also providing moral instruction and work programs. |
| Horace Mann | Education reformer from Massachusetts who advocated for free common public schools with compulsory attendance, longer school years and increased teacher preparation. |
| Common (Public) School Movement | Education reformers advocated for states to create and fund schools open to all students with compulsory attendance, longer school years and increased teacher preparation. |
| McGuffey Readers | Elementary textbooks created by an education reformer from Pennsylvania that became widely used to teach reading and morality in public schools. |
| Cult of Domesticity | Popular mid 1800s belief that women should provide religious and moral instruction in the home, but avoid the rough world of politics and business in the larger sphere of society. |
| Sarah Grimké | Women’s rights advocate and abolitionist leader who spoke out against the cult of domesticity and wrote Letters on the Equality of the Sexes, and the Conditions of Women |
| Letters on the Equality of the Sexes, and the Conditions of Women | Series of published letters written by Sarah Grimké arguing against the cult of domesticity and in favor of women’s rights. |
| Angelina Grimké | Women’s rights advocate and abolitionist leader who spoke out against the cult of domesticity along with her sister Sarah Grimké. |
| Lucretia Mott | Abolitionist who became a vocal women’s rights advocate after being barred from speaking at an antislavery convention and worked with Elizabeth Cady Stanton to hold the Seneca Falls Convention. |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Abolitionist who became a vocal women’s rights advocate after being barred from speaking at an antislavery convention and worked with Lucretia Mott to hold the Seneca Falls Convention. |
| Seneca Falls Convention | First women’s rights convention held in the United States and was hosted in New York in 1848 where representatives wrote and issued the “Declaration of Sentiments.” |
| “Declaration of Sentiments” | Women's rights document written at the Seneca Falls Convention and based on the Declaration of Independence that listed women’s grievances against discriminatory laws and customs. |
| Susan B. Anthony | Women’s rights advocate and abolitionist who campaigned heavily for women’s suffrage and founded the National Woman Suffrage Association. |
| American Colonization Society | Organization founded on the idea of transporting freed slaves to Africa to escape racism in the United States and established the African American settlement of Monrovia, Liberia. |
| American Anti-Slavery Society | Organization founded by William Llyod Garrison and other radical abolitionists in 1833 that called for the immediate abolition of slavery in all American states and territories. |
| Abolition | Action of ending the institution of slavery and freeing all those who had been enslaved, which started to grow into a major reform movement in the mid 1800s. |
| William Lloyd Garrison | Radical abolitionist who published the abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society and condemned the Constitution as a proslavey document. |
| The Liberator | Abolitionist newspaper published by radical abolitionist William Llyod Garrison. |
| Liberty Party | Political party formed by Northern abolitionists in 1840 and only had one campaign pledge, which was to bring about the end of slavery by political and legal means. |
| Frederick Douglass | Major leader in the abolition movement and former slave who was famous for his powerful speeches and written works who later became an advisor to President Abraham Lincoln. |
| The North Star | Antislavery journal started by Frederick Douglass in 1847. |
| Harriet Tubman | Abolitionist leader and former slave who led many other slaves to freedom as a highly successful conductor on the Underground Railroad. |
| David Ruggles | African-American abolitionist leader from New York City who published abolitionist material and aided escaped slaves through the Committee of Vigilance and Underground Railroad. |
| Sojourner Truth | Abolitionist and women's rights activist who was a former slave and delivered her best-known speech, “Ain't I a Woman?”, in 1851 at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio. |
| William Still | African-American abolitionist and conductor on the Underground Railroad who was a member of the Vigilance Committee of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery and wrote The Underground Railroad Records. |
| David Walker | African-American abolitionist from Boston who published An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, which was a highly influential call for black unity and the fight against slavery. |
| Henry Highland Garnet | African-American abolitionist and former slave who advocated for slaves to violently rise up against their owners and was the first black minister to preach to the House of Representatives. |
| Nat Turner | Slave from Virginia who led a violent slave uprising in 1831 that resulted in 55 Whites being killed and was ruthlessly put down and heightened Southern fear of ending slavery. |
| American Peace Society | Reform organization founded in 1828 that wanted to abolish war and actively protested the Mexican-American War in 1848. |
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