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Reading 4.9
Development of an American Culture
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cultural Nationalism | Patriotic themes infusing every aspect of American society such as the United States for much of the 19th century as seen in American art, literature and education. |
| Romanticism | Cultural shift from the reason and order of the Enlightenment to an emphasis on emotion, feelings, individual acts of heroism and nature. |
| Transcendentalists | New England philosophers who started an idealistic movement in the 1830s that taught divinity pervades all nature and humanity, which was influenced by romanticism and a reaction to rationalism. |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | Transcendentalist who advocated for American literary nationalism and argued for independent thinking and a focus on spiritual matters in essays such as “Self-Reliance” and “Nature.” |
| Henry David Thoreau | Transcendentalist who spent years reflecting in nature and argued for conservation and living life according to one’s conscience in his book Walden and his essay “On Civil Disobedience.” |
| Walden | Book written by transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau based on his writings from his time spent living simply in a cabin and reflecting in nature, which focused on moral independence and self reliance. |
| “On Civil Disobedience” | Essay written by transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau on his reflections on the necessity for disobeying unjust laws and accepting the penalty, which inspired future nonviolent movements. |
| Brook Farm | Communal experiment launched by Protestant minister George Ripley to live according to transcendentalist ideals that hosted many leading intellectuals such as Emerson, but closed in 1849 |
| George Ripley | Puritan minister who launched the communal experiment of Brook Farm, which encouraged people to live according to transcendentalist ideals and hosted many leading intellectuals such as Emerson. |
| Margaret Fuller | Feminist, leader in the women’s rights movement, Brook Farm participant and editor of The Dial, which was a transcendentalist publication. |
| Feminist | Advocate and supporter of women’s rights and feminism, which included many transcendentalists. |
| Theodore Parker | Transcendentalist theologian and radical reformer who advocated for women’s rights and abolition. |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne | Romanticism novelist and Brook Farm participant who questioned the intolerance and conformity in American life in his written works such as The Scarlet Letter. |
| Utopia | Ideal community formed by withdrawing from conventional society, which many attempted to form during the antebellum period with examples including Brook Farm, the Shakers and New Harmony. |
| Antebellum | Term used to describe the time period after the War of 1812, but before the Civil War that included many reform movements, but also rising sectionalism. |
| Shakers | One of the earliest religious communal movements, followers held property in common and believed in equal gender roles, celibacy, and social discipline over freedom. |
| Amana Colonies | German settlers in Iowa who belonged to the religious reform movement of Pietism, which emphasized simple, communal living. |
| New Harmony | Secular communal experiment in Indiana led by industrialist and reformer Robert Owen, who hoped to form a utopian socialist society in response to the Industrial Revolution, but ultimately failed. |
| Robert Owen | Industrialist and reformer who formed New Harmony and hoped to form a utopian socialist society in response to the Industrial Revolution, but ultimately failed. |
| Oneida Community | Controversial cooperative community in New York started by John Humphrey Noyes in which members shared property, but also marriage partners and practiced communal child-rearing. |
| John Humphrey Noyes | Founder of the controversial Oneida Community, where members shared property, but also marriage partners and practiced communal child-rearing. |
| Fourier Phalanxes | Short-lived communal communities that formed across the United States in the 1840s based on the theories of French socialist Charles Fourier. |
| Charles Fourier | French socialist whose theories inspired the creation of short-lived communal communities called Fourier Phalanxes that formed across the United States in the 1840s. |
| George Caleb Bingham | Genre painting artist who was well known for depicting common people in various settings and carrying out domestic chores. |
| William S. Mount | Genre painting artist who won popularity for his lively rural compositions. |
| Thomas Cole | Painter of the Hudson River School art movement who emphasized the heroic beauty of American landscapes by painting dramatic scenes of the Hudson River and western frontier wilderness. |
| Frederick Church | Painter of the Hudson River School art movement who emphasized the heroic beauty of American landscapes by painting dramatic scenes of the Hudson River and western frontier wilderness. |
| Hudson River School | Art movement of the mid 1800s that expressed the Romantic Age’s fascination with the natural world by focusing on dramatic scenes of the Hudson River and western frontier wilderness. |
| Washington Irving | Romanticism author who wrote fiction such as “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” which included a heavy focus on American natural settings. |
| James Fenimore Cooper | Romanticism author who wrote Leatherstocking Tales, which was a series of novels that glorified the nobility of scouts and settlers on the American frontier. |
| Herman Melville | Romanticism author who wrote Moby-Dick, which reflected the theological and cultural conflicts of the era through Captain Ahab’s pursuit of a white whale. |
| Edgar Allen Poe | Romanticism author who focused on the irrational aspects of human behavior through poems and short stories such as “The Raven” and “The Tell-Tale Heart,” which included mystery and horror. |
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