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Reading 4.2
Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Revolution of 1800 | Bitter presidential election between Federalist John Adams and Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson, which resulted in the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties. |
| Louisiana Purchase | President Jefferson approved the buying of the Louisiana Territory from the French, which doubled the size of the United States and opened the West to American settlement. |
| Strict Interpretation | Belief held predominately by Democratic-Republicans that the federal government had only the powers literally written in the Constitution and nothing more. |
| Loose Interpretation | Belief held predominantly by Federalists that the federal government had implied powers beyond what was written in the Constitution due to the Elastic Clause. |
| Lewis and Clark | Leaders of a scientific exploration of the Louisiana Territory commissioned by the federal government that resulted in greater knowledge of the West and stronger claims to the Oregon Territory. |
| Aaron Burr | Vice president to Jefferson who almost won the presidency in 1804, but lost when Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists supported Jefferson, which resulted in Burr later killing Hamilton in a duel. |
| John Marshall | Influential Supreme Court Chief Justice who believed strongly in a loose interpretation of the Constitution and greatly expanded the powers of the Supreme Court and the federal government. |
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | Landmark SCOTUS case under the Marshall Court over Adam’s midnight appointments of judges, which resulted in the establishment of the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review. |
| Judicial Review | Implied power established in Marbury v. Madison, in which the Supreme Court has the authority to overrule actions of the other two branches of the federal government as unconstitutional. |
| Fletcher v. Peck (1810) | Landmark SCOTUS case under the Marshall Court, which ruled states could not pass laws invalidating contracts and was the first time the Supreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional. |
| Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) | Landmark SCOTUS case under the Marshall Court, which ruled contracts for private corporations could not be altered by a state and declared a state law unconstitutional. |
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | Landmark SCOTUS case under the Marshall Court over the National Bank, which resulted in the Supreme Court enforcing the Supremacy Clause and endorsing implied powers. |
| Implied Powers | Powers of the federal government not explicitly written in the Constitution, but exist due to the Elastic Clause (also known as the Necessary and Proper Clause). |
| Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) | Landmark SCOTUS case under the Marshall Court over navigation rights, with the Supreme Court upholding the federal government’s broad authority to regulate interstate commerce. |
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