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Reading 3.10
Shaping a New Republic
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Executive Departments | Government organizations under the direct supervision of the president within the executive branch led by chief officers appointed by the president and approved by the Senate. |
| Thomas Jefferson | Appointed by President Washington and approved by the Senate to be the first Secretary of State. |
| Alexander Hamilton | Appointed by President Washington and approved by the Senate to be the first Secretary of the Treasury. |
| Henry Knox | Appointed by President Washington and approved by the Senate to be the first Secretary of War. |
| Edmund Randolph | Appointed by President Washington and approved by the Senate to be the first Attorney General. |
| Cabinet | Chief officers of the executive officers and other advisors to the president who help guide and enforce national policy under the direct supervision of the president. |
| Supreme Court (SCOTUS) | Highest court of the federal judicial system with the authority to rule on the constitutionality of federal government decisions and laws. |
| Federal Courts | Lower courts of the federal judicial system created by Congress with lesser powers than the Supreme Court. |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | Law passed by Congress that established the number of Supreme Court Justices and provided for a system of district courts and circuit courts of appeals. |
| National Debt | Total amount of money the federal government owes after spending and borrowing from various entities. |
| National Bank | Controversial central bank proposed by Alexander Hamilton and established in 1791 in order to help stabilize the currency and the national economy. |
| French Revolution | People of France fought to overthrow the French monarchy, which created a controversy in the United States on whether or not to support the French people. |
| Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) | Decree issued by President Washington to keep the United States out of the French Revolution and accompanying wars raging in Europe. |
| Citizen Genêt | French ambassador to the United States that attempted to directly recruit American support for the French cause, which resulted in his removal from his post, but was allowed to live in the United States. |
| Jay Treaty | Unpopular treaty between the United States and Great Britain in which the British agreed to evacuate its forts in the western frontier of the United States, but included nothing about impressment. |
| Pinckney Treaty | Treaty between the United States and Spain that secured the United States use of the Mississippi River, right to deposit and clarified the American border with Spanish Florida. |
| Right of Deposit | Ability for American merchants to transfer cargoes in New Orleans without paying duties to the Spanish government. |
| Battle of Fallen Timbers | Battle between the United States led by General Anthony Wayne and an alliance of Native American tribes which resulted in American dominance of the Ohio Territory. |
| Treaty of Greenville | Peace treaty forced on the Native American tribes of the Ohio Territory after the Battle of Fallen Timbers, which resulted in the Native Americans surrendering their claims to the land. |
| Whiskey Rebellion | Uprising of farmers in western Pennsylvania over an excise tax, which was put down by President Washington sending in military forces and asserted the authority of the central government. |
| Public Land Act (1796) | Law passed by Congress that established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at moderate prices. |
| Federalist Era | Name for the 1790s because it was dominated largely by the economic and political policies of the Federalist Party. |
| Federalist Party | One of the first political parties formed in the United States, which supported a strong central government and Alexander Hamilton’s financial program. |
| Democratic-Republican Party | One of the first political parties formed in the United States, which supported Thomas Jefferson and his view on states’ rights and a weak central government. |
| Political Parties | Political organizations formed to gain political power by supporting certain policies, platforms and candidates. |
| Washington’s Farewell Address | Final speech by President Washington before leaving office that included warnings against getting involved in European affairs, permanent alliances, political parties and sectionalism. |
| Permanent Alliances | Lasting defense pacts that require the intervention of members if one of the members is attacked. |
| Two-Term Tradition | President Washington’s precedent of serving a max of two presidential terms before voluntarily stepping down that lasted until 1940. |
| John Adams | Vice president under George Washington and Federalist candidate for president who won the contentious election of 1796, but lost the contentious election of 1800 to Thomas Jefferson. |
| XYZ Affair | President Adams sent a diplomatic delegation to France to try and negotiate an end to French impressment of American ships and sailors, but French ministers demanded bribes, which caused outrage. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | Attempts by the Federalists to pass laws aimed at restricting the political power of the Democratic-Republicans, which resulted in public outcry and were repealed later. |
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | Statements written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison that declared states had the right to nullify laws they viewed as unconstitutional. |
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