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Human Geo AP
To use for Human Geo AP Studying
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Absolute Location | A precise position on the Earth's surface. Fixed, not changing. (Ex: Coordinate) |
| Relative Location | The position of one place (or person) in relation to the position of another place (or person). (Ex: 20 miles from the lake) |
| Built Environment | The human-made space in which people live, work, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis. |
| Cartogram | A map that distorts the geographic shape of an area in order to show the size of a specific variable; the larger the area on a Cartogram, the larger the value of the underlying variable |
| Cartographer | A person who makes maps |
| Census | An official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details about individual, such as age, sex, and race |
| Connectivity | The state or extent of being connected or interconnected |
| Cultural Ecology | The study of the interactions between societies and their local environments |
| Cultural Landscape | The built form that cultural groups create in inhabiting Earth-farm fields, cities, houses, and so on - and the meaning, values, representations, and experiences, assisted with these forms. |
| Dot Density | A map that uses dots to represent others or counts; the dot can represent one object (one-to-one dot density map), or it can represent one object (one-to-many dot density) |
| Diffusion | The pattern by which a phenomenon such as the movement of people, or their ideas, technologies, or preferences, spreads from a particular location through space and time. |
| Distance | An amount of space between two things or people. |
| Distance-Decay | The principle that the interactions between 2 places decreases as the distance between them increases |
| Distorition | The inaccuracies or misrepresentations that occur when translating 3D geographic features onto 2D maps. Affect shape, area, distance, direction. |
| Distribution | The way in which something is spread out or arranged over a given area |
| Elevation | Distance above sea level |
| Accesssibility | The ease of reaching destinations & obtaining services or resources within a geographic shape |
| Environmental Determinism | The belief that the physical environment is the dominant force shaping cultures & that humanity is a passive product of it's physical surroundings |
| Field observation | Research conducted in real-world settings rather than in controlled environments like laboratories |
| Formal (Uniform/Homogenous) Region | A geographical area inhabited by people who have one or more traits in common - Each area has some differences even if the same, single cultural trait is mapped (Ex: Religion) |
| Region | A geographical unit based on one or more common characteristics/ functions |
| Friction of Distance | The inhabiting effect of distance on the intensity and volume of most forms of human interaction; time-space compression diminishes this |
| Functional/Nodel Region | A geographic area that has been organized to function politically, socially, culturally, or economically as one unit. - Mostly clear defined borders |
| Geographic scale | The level of detail & the spacial extent of a geographic phenomenon, often expressed in terms of size or area |
| GIS (Geographic Information System) | A software application for capturing, stroking, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth's surface; allows the rapid manipulation of geospatial data for problem-solving and research. |
| GPS (Global Positioning System) | A system of 24 satellites that orbit Earth twice daily & transmit radio signals Earthward; the basis for many map-based apps that provide directions on how to get from one place to another |
| Human Geography | The branch of geography that studies how human activity affects or is influenced by Earth's surface. |
| Human-environment interaction | The ways in which human societies depend on, interact with, and affect their locations |
| Isoline | On a map, a line that connects or links different places that share a common or equal value, such as elevation |
| International Date Line | An imaginary line that runs from North to South Pole, roughly following the 180th meridian of longitude. Serves as the boundary between calendar dates (Ex: E->W = +1 day; W->E = -1 day) |
| Lattitude/Parallel | Imaginary Lines that run horizontally around the Earth, Parallel to the equator; degrees north or south from the equator, which is at 0 degrees, as far as the poles at 90 degrees |
| Location | A specific point or area in space, defined by its coordinates & often contextualized by its relationship to other places |
| Longitude/Meridian | The invisible vertical lines on Earth's surface that mark imaginary circles connecting the North and South Pole. |
| Perceptual/Vernacular Region | A geographic area that is perceived to exist by its inhabitants, based on the widespread acceptance and use of unique regional name - Ex: Bible Belt - Lacks distinct borders & inhabitants can claim to be part of multiple regions |
| Physical Geography | The study of Earth's physical characteristics and processes; how they work, how they affect humans, and how humans affect them |
| Possibilism | The belief that any physical environment offers a number of possible ways for a society to develop and that humans can find was to overcome environmental challenges |
| Prime Meridian/Greenwich Meridian | The zero-degree longitude line that runs through Greenwich, England |
| Projection | The method used to represent the curved surface of the Earth or on a flat map; involves transforming geographic into a 2D format which causes distortion |
| Proximity | Nearness in space, time, or relationship |
| Qualitative Data | Non-numeric information that captures the qualities, characteristics, and experiences of a subject |
| Quantitative Data | Numerical information that can be measured and analyzed statistically |
| Aggregation | The process of combining data from smaller units into larger units for analysis, which can impact the insight drawn from geographic data |
| Remote sensing | The scanning of Earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it - Results in photos that can show population patterns & econ. development |
| Scale | The territorial extent of an idea or object |
| Scale of Analysis | The relative size of the map or lens we chose to use to observe geographical phenomenon |
| Spatial Patterns | The placement or arrangement of objects on Earth's surface; also includes the space between objects |
| Spatial Perspective | A geographic perspective that seeks to identify & explain the uses of space |
| Sustainability | The group of practices that meet the needs of the present without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs |
| Thematic maps | map that emphasizes the spatial Patterns of geographic statistics or attribution, and sometimes the relationships between them |
| Time-Space Compression | The decreasing distance between places, as measured by travel time or cost; often summarized by the phrase "the world is shrinking" |
| Topographic Maps | A graphic representation of the 3D configuration of Earth's surface |
| Toponym | The names given to places |
| Map patterns | The arrangement or placement of features on the Earth as well as the space between them |
| Mercator Advantage | Shapes stay fairly accurate; direction accurate |
| Mercator Disadvantage | - Size & Distance distorted, worse near the poles - Greenland/Alaska should be much smaller |
| Mercator Used For | Sea travel & Navigation & GPS |
| Robinson Advantage | - Shows land forms accurately (size & shape near central meridian/central map) - Minor, not major distortion - Visually appealing |
| Robinson Disadvantage | - Hard to navigate - Distorted shapes near poles |
| Gall-Peters Projection | A map projection that shows all landmasses with their true areas, but distorts shape |
| Mercator Projection | comes from the idea of wrapping a piece of paper around the globe to make a cylinder. |
| Robinson Projection | Attempts to create the most visually appealing representation of the Earth by keeping all types of distortion generally low throughout the map |
| Gall-Peters Advantage | - Correct size |
| Gall-Peters Disadvantage | - Shape Warped - Inacurate Distance |
| Goode's Interrupted Equal-Areaa | Avoids shape distortion & restrictions of a rectangular map by creating "interruption" in each section, map projection regions are shown "equally" like an orange peel being layed flat. |
| Goode's Interrupted Equal-Area (Homolosine Projection) Advantages | - Used for national-level data - Regions showed equally - Size & Shape correct - All major continents are generally intact |
| Goode's Interrupted Equal-Area (Homolosine Projection) Disadvanteges | - Distorts direction & distance - Splits oceans, not true irl |
| Planar (Azimuthal/Polar) | A map projection that looks down at Earth that looks down at Earth from the perspective from a single area (can be one of the poles) |
| Planar (Azimuthal/Polar) Advantages | - Shows the closeness of countries on Earth - Doesn't need to be centered at the poles - Correct direction |
| Planar (Azimuthal/Polar) Disadvantages | - Land close to poles are bigger than irl - Warped further away from poles - Only half of the Earth at once |
| Planar (Azimuthal/Polar) Used for | Maps for looking at the poles |
| Robinson Used for | National Geographic/ landforms |
| Goode's Interrupted Equal-Area (Homolosine Projection) Used for | Data using dot data |
| Conic Projection Advantages | - Distance & Direction accurate ALONG MID PARALLELS which are least distorted by poles |
| Conic Projection Disadvantages | - All Scales are distorted as moving further from the poles |
| Conic Projection Used For | Maps of Mid-Lattitude Regions |
| Reference Maps | A map that shows geographic locations on the Earth's surface, such as the locations of cities or oceans |
| Thematic Maps | A map that emphasizes the spatial patterns of geographic statistics or attributes, and sometimes the relationships between them - A broad picture |
| Topographical Maps | A type of reference map - Graphic representation of the 3D configuration of Earth's surface - Shows elevation, physical textures through colors |
| Proportional/Graduated Circle Maps | Uses symbols of different sizes to represent numerical values - Thematic map |
| Proportional/Graduated Circle Maps Pro | -Easy to read & symbol proportional to value & data associated with location clearly |
| Proportional/Graduated Circle Maps Con | - Size of circles obscures location & cause less accurate positions |
| Choropleth Map | - Thematic map - Shows data aggregated for a specific geographic area - Often uses different colors to represent data |
| Cartogram | - Thematic Map - Map that distorts shape in order to show the size of a specific variable (Larger area=larger variable) - Ex: size changes based on population (China>Russia) |
| People who Gather Geographic Data | - Individual Data Gathers - Organizations |
| Organizations (for data gathering) | - Gather info for an org. - Helps businesses, gov, & medical field |
| Individual Data Gathers | - Gather info for themselves (Ex: Prof.) - Gather info to help communites |
| Geographic Data | collected data that can be mapped & analyzed & reveal patterns & their underlying processes |
| Field Work | learning & doing research involving first-hand experience, which takes place outside of a classroom |
| Data Collection Methods | - Interview, surveys - Geographers try to find the "Why" behind actions - Mechanical devices (tech, camera, etc.) - Make use of info available elsewhere - Using their own eyes irl |
| Aerial Photography | Remote-sensing photography that produces fine-grained, high-resolution, highly detailed images |
| Satellite Imagery | Images of Earth's surface gathered from sensor mounted or orbiting satellites; these sensors record visible/non-visible EM rays so people can see patterns visible & invisible to the naked eye |
| Effects of using Census Data | - Shows migration flows: businesses could expand there for more business, Gov. needs to decide if more (or less) regulation would be necessary |
| Effects of using Satellite Imagery | - Shows where people live & the energy they consume - Ex: population density: Are more resources needed? |
| Space | The areas we occupy as humans |
| Plane | How we modify space based on who we are a group of people, called place making |
| Space & Place cause | - Reveal & produce elements of social life (Why poverty vs. rich, safe vs. dangerous, etc.) |
| Globalization | actions & conditions in one place are increasingly linked to actions & conditions in other places around the globe |
| Interdependence | The ties established between regions & countries that cause a two-way flow of people, money, goods, and ideas that depends on the connections |
| Globalization & Interdependence Cause | - Increasing global culture (world becoming more similar) - Diminished the importance of keeping people, goods, and ideas kept secret - Differences: advanced tech, better health care, education |
| Geographic Process | the physical & human forces that work together to (trans) form the world |
| Geographic process causes | shows the process so conclusion "why" can be reached |
| Independent Innovation | same/similar invention created by different people on their own in different areas |
| Diffusion | Spread of people, preferences, ideas, tech globally |
| Independent Innovation & Diffusion causes | Can trace how spatial Patterns emerge/evolve |
| 2 Types of Diffusion | Expansion & Relocation |
| Expansion Diffusion | - Occurs when ideas/practices spread throughout a population, from area to area, in a snowballing process, so that the total number of users and the areas of occurrence increase |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | - Under Expansion Diffusion - occurs when ideas leapfrog from one celeb, community, or city to another, bypassing other persons, or communities |
| Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion | - Occurs when ideas go from a lower level of hierarchy to a higher level |
| Contagious Diffusion | - Under Expansion Diffusion - Wavelike spread of ideas in the manner of a wildfire, moving through space without regard for hierarchy |
| Stimulus Diffusion | - Under Expansion Diffusion - Occurs when a specific trait is rejected, but the underlying idea is accepted; usually includes a combination of cultural imitation & innovation to produce a new form or variation |
| Relocation Diffusion | - occurs when individuals or groups with a particular idea or practice migrate from one location to another, there by bringing the idea or practice to their new homeland |
| Ecology | A biological science concerned with studying the complex relationships among living organisms & their physical environment |
| Cultured ecology | The study of interaction between societies & their local environment |
| Ecosystem | A territoriality bounded system consisting of the interactions between human & the environment |
| Environmental Perception | The mental images that compromise humans' perception of nature: environmental Perception may be accurate or inaccurate |
| Environmental determinism | The belief that the physical environment is the dominant force shaping cultures & that humanity is a passive product of it's physical surroundings |
| Environmental Possiblism | The belief that any physical environment offers a number of possible way for a society to develop & that humans can find ways to overcome environmental challenges |
| Scales of Analysis | level at which data is displayed on the map |
| Scale | the relationship of the size of map to the amount of area it represents on Earth |
| Global Scale | - Showed world at one level of detail (whole world) - small scale |
| Regional Scale | - No specific countries - Shows data by continents or world regions - small scale |
| National Scale | - Political Boundaries - one or more countries - large scale |
| Local Scale | - large scale - No bigger than U.S. state , can be smaller - Analyzes data within a U.S. state or province, city or town, or neighborhood |
| Glocal Perspective | Geographic perspective that acknowledges the two-way relationship between local communities & global patterns, emphasizing that the focus of globalization need to take into account local-scale cultural, economic, & environment conditions |
| Large Scale Map | - show small areas in great detail - Remember: large detail (Large is small zoomed in) |
| Small Scale Map | - show large area in broad detail - Remember: small detail (Small is large zoomed out) |
| Site & Situation | factors that initiate & drive urbanization& suburbanization |
| Site | The exact position of settlement on Earth - More of the "what" |
| Situation | Where a city is in relation to surrounding features - More of the "why" - how do features impact the development of a city/ outcome of site |
| Compare/Contrast | Look at differences/similarities between 2 or more subjects - Requires specific link between 2 or more concepts, occurrences, or countries - Cross paragraph references & development of a comparative structure (>= 4 sentences) |
| Define | Requires a student to provide a meaning for a word or concept - Examples needed if it demonstrates understanding of definition - >= 1 sentence |
| Describe | Involves providing a description or portrayal of a phenomenon or its most significant characteristics - Most often address "what" questions - NEEDS EXAMPLE (>= 2 sentences) |
| Explain | Students should identify & discuss logical connections & relevant characteristics of a specific topic - NEEDS SPECIFIC EXAMPLE - Scale matters: Globe, Region, national, local; >= 3 sentences |
| List/Identify | A task that requires no more than a simple enumeration of factors or characteristics - Indicate or provide information about a specified topic, without elaboration or specification - DON'T WORD VOMIT; >= 1 sentence |
| Explain the degree | 2 parts: show how the concept works or applies (or doesn't apply) to the world today - DETAILS ARE IMPORTANT; USE IRL EXAMPLES |
| Spatial Analysis | turning a map into information by analyzing its contents - finding patterns, assessing trends, or making decisions |
| Ways Data is used | Determines relationships, understand & describe locations & events, detect & quantify patterns, make predictions, find best locations & paths |
| Spatial Data | you know what is present and where it is |
| Discrete (feature) data | stored by its exact geographic location |
| Raster Data | continuous data represented by regular grids - Ex: Natural environment shown through this data |
| Vector Data | built environment |
| Attributes | info that describes what is at each location can be attached |
| Overlay Analysis | GIS data set managed as a layer & can be geographically combined using analytical operators - |
| Geometric properties include | position, measurements, length, area, directionary volume |
| Topological properties | represent spatial relationships (connectivity, inclusion, adjacency, etc.) |
| Heart of spatial analysis | spatial Data exploration, modeling with GIS tools, & spatial problem solving |
| Spatial Data exploration | involves interacting with a collection of data & maps related to answering a specific question -> visualize & explore geographic info & analytical results of questions |
| Steps of an Overlay Analysis | 1. Collect source layers 2. Reclassification 3. create sustainability layers 4. Calculate weighted overlay |
| Archipelago | a large group of islands, typically in a chain |
| Atoll | A ring-like coral island and reef that nearly or entirely encloses lagoon |
| Bay | A body of water partially enclosed by land, but with a wide mouth that opens to a sea |
| Iceberg | A huge block of floating ice that has broken off a glacier |
| Continental Shelf | the part of the sea floor that slopes gently down |
| Delta | A usually triangular land form create by deposits of sediment a the mouth of a river |
| Isthmus | A narrow strip of land connecting two larger land masses |
| Fjord | A narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high, rocky cliffs |
| Floodplain | A landform of level ground built by sediment deposited by a river or stream |
| Glacier | A huge mass of ice that moves very slowly over a landmass |
| Harbor | A sheltered part of body of water deep enough to allow anchorage of large ships |
| Plain | A large, low area of flat or rolling land with few trees |
| Plateau | An extensive area of flat or rolling, predominantly treeless grassland |
| Tributary | A stream that feeds a lake or larger stream or river |
| Strait | A narrow body of water that connects 2 larger bodies of water |
| Mesa | A broad, raised area with steep sides and a large, flat top |
| Valley | An elongated area of low land between mountains or hills |
| Mountain Range | A series of mountain ridges similar in size, form, and origin |
| Mouth (of a river) | Where a river flows into another body of water |
| Sea | A large body of salt water more-or-less defined by bodies of land |
| Oasis | A fertile place in the desert where there is water and some vegetation |
| Peninsula | A landform projecting into a body of water and bordered by water on three sides |
| Border Zone | A region where cultural markers overlap & blend into a recognizable border culture |
| Nodes | Central points where the faction of a functional region are coordinated & directed - Ex: city halls, national captitals, country seats, banks, etc. |
| Mental Maps | A personal representation of a portion of Earth's surface - Includes what a person knows/impressions - Can be drawn at different geographic scales |
| Regional Identity | The awareness of belonging to a group of people within a region - Ex: ethnic group like Asain Americans in U.S. - Affiliation w/ the region you were born into & its language, culture, & history |
| Contested Boundaries | Boundaries that are disputed for religious, political, or cultural reasons - Ex: South Sudan (Christian), North Sudan (Muslim) |
| Regional Analysis | The process of examining patterns & processes within & between regions at multiple geographic scales - Used to find out why people live where they do, how they use land, and to compare w/ other areas - Analysis based on the different types of regions |
Created by:
KatieLiu
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