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Unit 2

All Vocabulary

TermDefinition
John Cabot Explorer who led the British exploration of the Atlantic Coast of Canada in 1497.
Joint-Stock Company New type of business that was developed to help fund expensive and dangerous voyages through spreading the risk around to multiple investors, which promoted growth.
St. Augustine Spanish city founded in Florida that was the first permanent European city in what would become the modern United States.
Juan de Oñate Spanish conquistador who conquered New Mexico for Spain and brutally crushed the Pueblo at the Battle of Acoma.
Corporate Colonies Types of British colonies that were largely private enterprises who were granted broad authority to rule a certain area in the Americas.
Royal Colonies Types of British colonies directly formed and controlled under the authority of the British Crown and were usually administered by a royal governor.
Proprietary Colonies Types of British colonies granted to individual(s) by the British Crown and then owned and controlled by those individual(s).
Virginia Company British joint-stock company that founded Jamestown and was the first British joint-stock company to found a colony in what would become the modern United States.
Joint-Stock Company New type of business that was developed to help fund expensive and dangerous voyages through spreading the risk around to multiple investors, which promoted growth.
Jamestown Settlement founded by the Virginia Company and the first permanent British settlement in what would become the modern United States.
Captain John Smith Militaristic leader who kept Jamestown from collapsing by organizing work gangs to gather food, build shelters and focus on survival.
John Rolfe Discovered that a strain of tobacco native to the Americas could be grown in Jamestown, which gave Virginia a major cash crop to make it an economically successful colony.
Pocahontas Daughter of Chief Powhatan who helped the settlers of Jamestown, married John Rolfe and visited England where she died of smallpox in 1619.
Virginia Southern and Chesapeake region corporate colony founded in 1606 that relied heavily on the production of crash crops and forced labor systems.
Plymouth Colony One of the earliest successful colonies founded by the British in North America in the New England territory.
Separatists A more extreme group of Puritans who came to North America and started their own congregations in Plymouth because they felt the Church of England could not be saved.
Pilgrims Group that felt they needed to abandon the Church of England and boarded the Mayflower in 1620 and ultimately settled Plymouth Plantation.
Mayflower Ship that carried the Pilgrims across the Atlantic from the Netherlands to Plymouth Plantation in 1620.
Massachusetts Bay Colony New England Colony established by a British joint-stock company and mostly settled by Puritans who brought large families and believed in self-government.
Puritans People who thought the Anglican Church retained too many Catholic traditions, many of whom fled to the New World in the early 1600s and established religious communities.
John Winthrop Leader of the Puritan migration in Boston who planned the colony as a Christian model to the world (City on a Hill), which resulted in a relatively stable and prosperous city.
Great Migration Many Puritans relocated to the British colonies in North America from Europe during the 1630s and established religious communities with large families and self-government.
Cecil Calvert First proprietary colony charter granted to this person, who sought to establish a safe area for Roman Catholics in Maryland.
Act of Toleration (1649) Law passed in Maryland that assured freedom for different types of Christian worship, which established the basis of American religious toleration.
Rhode Island New England colony created through the combining of different communities founded by leaders exiled from Massachusetts over religious and governmental differences.
Roger Williams Helped found religiously tolerant Rhode Island after being banished from Massachusetts for challenging Puritan ideas and promoting the separation of church and state.
Providence Settlement founded by Roger Williams as a religious safe haven that recognized the rights of Native Americans and later became part of the colony of Rhode Island.
Anne Hutchinson Helped found religiously tolerant Rhode Island after being forced to leave the colony of Massachusetts for supporting the idea of antinomianism and openly questioning strict Puritan doctrines.
Antinomianism Controversial interpretation of Puritan beliefs commonly associated with Anne Hutchinson that faith alone, not deeds, was needed for salvation.
Connecticut New England colony founded by Thomas Hooker and other Puritans from Massachusetts who wanted to place a greater emphasis on self-government and religious reform.
Thomas Hooker Leader of a group of Puritans from Massachusetts who helped found the colony of Connecticut for increased self-government and religious reform.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) Founding document drafted by settlers of Connecticut, which is also known as the first “modern constitution” establishing a democratically controlled government.
John Davenport Puritan religious leader who founded the colony of New Haven, which was later merged into the colony of Connecticut.
New Hampshire New England colony that was granted a royal charter after King Charles II split it from Massachusetts.
Halfway Covenant Arrangement that allowed members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves to participate in some church affairs.
Carolinas Southern colonies that were given royal charters by King Charles II that relied heavily on growing cash crops.
Rice-Growing Plantations Large farms mostly in the South that predominantly grew a foodstuff cash crop after tobacco prices began to fall.
Tobacco Farms Most often located in Southern colonies, these farms relied heavily on slavery to grow a major cash crop that was proven to be economically viable at Jamestown.
New York Middle colony that was originally a Dutch colony, but the British took it and King Charles II gave the colony to his brother James, the Duke of York, who renamed the colony New York.
New Jersey Middle colony that was split from New York by James, the Duke of York, to help settle some of his debts.
Pennsylvania Middle colony founded by William Penn to serve as a religious refuge for Quakers and other followers of persecuted religions.
Delaware Middle colony that was split from Pennsylvania by William Penn, but followed many of William Penn’s beliefs such as freedom of religion.
Chesapeake Colonies North America British colonies region that included the Southern colonies of Virginia and Maryland, which were known for their large tobacco farms.
Holy Experiment William Penn’s ideal hope for the colony of Pennsylvania to be a religious refuge with a representative assembly that was respectful and fair to Native Americans.
William Penn Founder of the middle colonies of Pennsylvania and Delaware who believed strongly in religious freedom and representative government.
Quakers Christian religious group that was often persecuted for their beliefs such as pacifism and individualism over traditional authority figures.
Frame of Government (1682) Document crafted by William Penn that guaranteed a representative government and a written constitution in Pennsylvania.
Charter of Liberties (1701) Document signed by William Penn, which established a representative assembly in Pennsylvania, and stated that Delaware could establish their own representative assembly.
Georgia Southern colony established by James Oglethorpe to serve as a refuge for British debtors and as a buffer between the other Southern colonies and Spanish controlled Florida.
James Oglethorpe Founder of Georgia who ran the colony through military-like control and strict rules including the banning of alcohol and Catholicism.
House of Burgesses Representative assembly founded in 1619 in Virginia, which essentially relaxed the colony’s military regime and established the ideal of self-rule in the colonies.
Mayflower Compact (1620) Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth and established the foundation for self-government in the British colonies.
Triangular Trade Trade system that developed between Britain, the Americas, and Africa of finished goods, natural resources, and slaves, which effectively brought the Americas into a global economic market.
Navigation Acts Acts which were an attempt by Britain to enforce mercantilism by stipulating raw goods from the colonies must be provided only to Britain and all goods to the colonies must ship from British ports.
Mercantilism Economic program that assumed the world’s wealth remained fixed, which resulted in fierce European competition and a drive for colonies to trade exclusively with their “mother” country.
Salutary Neglect Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and government, which only weakened enforcement of the Navigation Acts and allowed for opportunities for colonial self-rule.
Dominion of New England Failed administrative union created by royal authority that incorporated all of New England, New York and New Jersey into one colony placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros.
Sir Edmund Andros Leader of the failed Dominion of New England who was widely unpopular for curbing popular assemblies, taxing residents without their consent and strictly enforcing Navigation Laws.
Glorious Revolution Overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, who accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits on the monarchy.
New England Confederation Political and militaristic alliance of the New England colonies established in 1643 in order to settle colonial disputes and better defend against Native American attacks.
King Philip’s War (Metacom’s War) War over land between allied Native American tribes and New England settlers from 1675 to 1676 that resulted in the decimation of Native Americans in New England.
Wampanoag Native American tribe led by Metacom (King Philip) who led the Native American alliance against New England settlers in King Philip’s War.
Metacom (King Philip) Leader of the Wampanoag tribe and the Native American alliance that destroyed several New England settlements during King Philip’s War (Metacom’s War).
Sir William Berkeley British colonial governor of Virginia from 1642-1652 who was accused of favoring the wealthy coastal elite over frontier settlers, which helped lead to Bacon’s Rebellion.
Bacon’s Rebellion Uprising of indentured servants and frontier settlers in the colony of Virginia that occurred in 1676, which helped spark the transfer to African slavery as the dominant labor source.
Pueblo Revolt Successful uprising of the Pueblo Indians led by Popé against the Spanish in the American southwest in 1680 that kept the Spanish out for over 10 years.
Headright System Gave land grants of 50 acres to settlers who paid the costs of an indentured servant to come to Virginia, which helped increase the colonial population.
Indentured Servants Poor colonial settlers who agreed to have their transportation costs paid by someone else and in exchange work for them to pay off their debt (typically for seven years).
Middle Passage Dangerous and deadly forced transport of captured and enslaved Africans to the Americas.
Slavery Forced bondage and labor of people (typically Africans) who were legally classified as property, which afforded them no legal rights and often resulted in terrible and often deadly treatment.
Slave Laws Laws passed by the colonies that regulated and defined slavery such as bondage for life and inheritance of slave status by children of slaves.
Immigrants People from foreign countries and/or places that come to live permanently in a different country.
English Settlers from England, however, the number of English coming to the colonies began to decline as internal strife in Great Britain settled down.
Germans Settlers from Germany who predominantly settled in the farmlands west of Pennsylvania, which resulted in the area becoming known as Pennsylvania Dutch country.
Scotch-Irish Protestant settlers from Northern Ireland who had little respect for the British as a result of earlier persecution and settled mostly in the mountains of the colonial frontier.
Huguenots French Protestants who settled in the British colonies to avoid persecution in Europe.
Dutch Settlers from the Netherlands who predominantly settled in the big cities and farmlands of the middle colonies, contributing to their growing diversity.
Swedes Settlers from Sweden who predominantly settled in the big cities and farmlands of the middle colonies, contributing to their growing diversity.
Africans Largest single group of people entering the British North American colonies, but not by choice because they were captured, enslaved, transported and sold against their will.
Religious Toleration Ideal of allowing people to practice their religion in the way they desire, which all the colonies practiced to varying degrees of freedom.
Hereditary Aristocracy System in which a small class of nobles passed title and land through inheritance, which was used in Europe, but not in the British North American colonies.
Social Mobility Opportunity easier to achieve in the British North American colonies than Europe to improve an individual’s standard of living and status through hard work rather than inheritance.
Subsistence Farming Type of agricultural production most common in the New England colonies that involves producing enough food to survive rather than focusing on producing food for trade.
Established Church Churches created within the colonies to support the dominant religion in the area and financed by taxes such as the Anglican Church in Virginia.
Great Awakening Christian religious revival in the colonies that created a common shared experience among the colonists and focused on the personal relationship with God.
Jonathon Edwards Congregational minister and leader of the Great Awakening best known for fire and brimstone sermons such as “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”
George Whitefield Minister and leader of the Great Awakening who traveled throughout the colonies and attracted large outdoor crowds with his messages on all Christians building a personal relationship with God.
Old Lights Opponents of the Great Awakening who disagreed with the lack of emphasis on the power of the Church and the emphasis on the individual.
New Lights Supporters of the Great Awakening who embraced the emphasis on the individual and building a personal relationship with God.
Benjamin West Colonial painter who started off searching for families who wanted their portraits painted, but then established himself as a renowned artist after studying in Europe.
John Copley Colonial painter who started off searching for families who wanted their portraits painted, but then established himself as a renowned artist after studying in Europe.
Cotton Mather New England minister and prolific author who promoted inoculation as a means of preventing smallpox (and other infectious diseases) and also played a major role in the Salem Witch Trials.
Benjamin Franklin Epitome of the American Enlightenment and leader of American colonies who focused on scientific advancement, rationalism, and self-government.
Poor Richard’s Almanac Best selling book written and annually published by Benjamin Franklin that included weather forecasts, games and phrases that would become common throughout the colonies.
Phillis Wheatley Well known poet who began writing poems while enslaved, but was freed soon after her collection of poems was published in 1773.
John Bartram Self-taught botanist from Philadelphia who is commonly called the “father of American botany” and founded the first botanical garden in the colonies.
Sectarian Schools Colleges founded to promote the doctrines of particular religious groups such as Harvard (Puritans), William and Mary (Anglicans) and Yale (Congregationalists).
Nonsectarian Schools Colleges founded to promote higher learning that were not aligned with a specific religious group such as the College of Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania).
Ministry One of the earliest well-respected and highest educated professions of the British North American colonies whose job was to lead church members in worship.
Physicians Early doctors who lacked a lot of “modern” medical knowledge and often used cures or remedies that often made people more sick.
Lawyers Highly educated professionals who were well versed in law and judicial processes with some such as John Adams, James Otis and Patrick Henry going on to argue in favor of colonial rights.
John Peter Zenger New York publisher tried for libel by criticizing New York’s royal governor in articles in his newspaper, but was found innocent because what he printed was true.
Andrew Hamilton Zenger’s lawyer who argued his client did not commit libel because what Zenger printed in his newspaper was the truth, which helped promote the ideal of freedom of the press.
Enlightenment Intellectual movement led by philosophers such as John Locke and Montesquieu that focused on reason over religion and emphasized the role of the individual in solving societal problems.
Governor Chief executive of colonial governments that most often was appointed by and directly reported to the British crown.
Legislature Representative bodies of colonial governments made up of either elected or appointed officials (depending on the colony) that drafted, debated and passed laws.
Town Meetings Dominant form of government in New England colonies that involved town members meeting to vote directly on public issues.
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