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Reading 2.7
Colonial Society and Culture
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Immigrants | People from foreign countries and/or places that come to live permanently in a different country. |
| English | Settlers from England, however, the number of English coming to the colonies began to decline as internal strife in Great Britain settled down. |
| Germans | Settlers from Germany who predominantly settled in the farmlands west of Pennsylvania, which resulted in the area becoming known as Pennsylvania Dutch country. |
| Scotch-Irish | Protestant settlers from Northern Ireland who had little respect for the British as a result of earlier persecution and settled mostly in the mountains of the colonial frontier. |
| Huguenots | French Protestants who settled in the British colonies to avoid persecution in Europe. |
| Dutch | Settlers from the Netherlands who predominantly settled in the big cities and farmlands of the middle colonies, contributing to their growing diversity. |
| Swedes | Settlers from Sweden who predominantly settled in the big cities and farmlands of the middle colonies, contributing to their growing diversity. |
| Africans | Largest single group of people entering the British North American colonies, but not by choice because they were captured, enslaved, transported and sold against their will. |
| Religious Toleration | Ideal of allowing people to practice their religion in the way they desire, which all the colonies practiced to varying degrees of freedom. |
| Hereditary Aristocracy | System in which a small class of nobles passed title and land through inheritance, which was used in Europe, but not in the British North American colonies. |
| Social Mobility | Opportunity easier to achieve in the British North American colonies than Europe to improve an individual’s standard of living and status through hard work rather than inheritance. |
| Subsistence Farming | Type of agricultural production most common in the New England colonies that involves producing enough food to survive rather than focusing on producing food for trade. |
| Established Church | Churches created within the colonies to support the dominant religion in the area and financed by taxes such as the Anglican Church in Virginia. |
| Great Awakening | Christian religious revival in the colonies that created a common shared experience among the colonists and focused on the personal relationship with God. |
| Jonathon Edwards | Congregational minister and leader of the Great Awakening best known for fire and brimstone sermons such as “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.” |
| George Whitefield | Minister and leader of the Great Awakening who traveled throughout the colonies and attracted large outdoor crowds with his messages on all Christians building a personal relationship with God. |
| Old Lights | Opponents of the Great Awakening who disagreed with the lack of emphasis on the power of the Church and the emphasis on the individual. |
| New Lights | Supporters of the Great Awakening who embraced the emphasis on the individual and building a personal relationship with God. |
| Benjamin West | Colonial painter who started off searching for families who wanted their portraits painted, but then established himself as a renowned artist after studying in Europe. |
| John Copley | Colonial painter who started off searching for families who wanted their portraits painted, but then established himself as a renowned artist after studying in Europe. |
| Cotton Mather | New England minister and prolific author who promoted inoculation as a means of preventing smallpox (and other infectious diseases) and also played a major role in the Salem Witch Trials. |
| Benjamin Franklin | Epitome of the American Enlightenment and leader of American colonies who focused on scientific advancement, rationalism, and self-government. |
| Poor Richard’s Almanac | Best selling book written and annually published by Benjamin Franklin that included weather forecasts, games and phrases that would become common throughout the colonies. |
| Phillis Wheatley | Well known poet who began writing poems while enslaved, but was freed soon after her collection of poems was published in 1773. |
| John Bartram | Self-taught botanist from Philadelphia who is commonly called the “father of American botany” and founded the first botanical garden in the colonies. |
| Sectarian Schools | Colleges founded to promote the doctrines of particular religious groups such as Harvard (Puritans), William and Mary (Anglicans) and Yale (Congregationalists). |
| Nonsectarian Schools | Colleges founded to promote higher learning that were not aligned with a specific religious group such as the College of Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania). |
| Ministry | One of the earliest well-respected and highest educated professions of the British North American colonies whose job was to lead church members in worship. |
| Physicians | Early doctors who lacked a lot of “modern” medical knowledge and often used cures or remedies that often made people more sick. |
| Lawyers | Highly educated professionals who were well versed in law and judicial processes with some such as John Adams, James Otis and Patrick Henry going on to argue in favor of colonial rights. |
| John Peter Zenger | New York publisher tried for libel by criticizing New York’s royal governor in articles in his newspaper, but was found innocent because what he printed was true. |
| Andrew Hamilton | Zenger’s lawyer who argued his client did not commit libel because what Zenger printed in his newspaper was the truth, which helped promote the ideal of freedom of the press. |
| Enlightenment | Intellectual movement led by philosophers such as John Locke and Montesquieu that focused on reason over religion and emphasized the role of the individual in solving societal problems. |
| Governor | Chief executive of colonial governments that most often was appointed by and directly reported to the British crown. |
| Legislature | Representative bodies of colonial governments made up of either elected or appointed officials (depending on the colony) that drafted, debated and passed laws. |
| Town Meetings | Dominant form of government in New England colonies that involved town members meeting to vote directly on public issues. |
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