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Unit I
All Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bering Land Bridge | Narrow strip of land that connected Alaska and Siberia thousands of years ago that ancient peoples used to cross from Asia into the Americas. |
| Mayas | Advanced Native American empire located in the Yucatán Peninsula whose civilization included a unique system of writing, math, architecture, and astronomy. |
| Aztecs | Advanced and militarily strong Native American empire located in modern day Mexico that was conquered by Hernán Cortés and his conquistadores in 1521. |
| Incas | Powerful Native American empire along the West Coast of South America that was destroyed by Francisco Pizarro. |
| Corn (Maize) | One of the most important crops grown by Native American peoples in the New World and helped prompt the shift from nomadic hunting bands to settled agricultural villages. |
| Algonquian | Semi-nomadic groups of Native Americans located in the Northeast with many different dialects that used hunting, fishing and gathering as opposed to agriculture. |
| Siouan | Family of Native American languages spoken predominantly by the tribes of the Great Plains such as the Sioux and related tribes. |
| Hohokam | Native American culture of the American Southwest that built stable cities, confederations and utilized canals to successfully farm in the desert. |
| Anasazi | Ancestral Pueblos of the American Southwest that built cities that included multi-level “apartment” buildings and utilized advanced irrigation to successfully farm in the desert. |
| Pueblos | Native American culture of the American Southwest that derived from the Anasazi and built similar cities with multi-level “apartment” buildings and utilized advanced irrigation. |
| Adena-Hopewell | Semi-nomadic tribes of the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys who built elaborate mounds and maintained extensive trade networks. |
| Longhouses | Large wooden dwellings typically built by the Iroquois that housed multiple families. |
| Iroquois Confederation | Powerful alliance of five Native American nations that consolidated power along the Great Lakes Region and maintained a successful relationship with the English. |
| Woodland Mound Builders | Native American tribes of the Atlantic Seaboard who built large mounds and heavily relied on fishing and agriculture for survival. |
| Gunpowder | Chinese invention that spread to Europe that allowed for the creation of firearms, which helped European nations develop advanced weaponry and build large colonial empires. |
| Sailing Compass | Device that made naval navigation more accurate while in open waters, which helped encourage European exploration. |
| Printing Press | Invention that allowed for more efficient creation of printed materials, which led to better communication and faster spread of ideas and communication. |
| Isabella and Ferdinand | Catholic monarchs of Spain who authorized and funded the expeditions of Christopher Columbus to the New World. |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer and navigator who explored and claimed parts of the New World for Spain, but also brought deadly diseases and enslaved numerous Native Americans. |
| Protestant Reformation | Separation of Protestants from the Catholic Church led by Martin Luther in 1517, which helped lead to increased rivalries and competition between European countries. |
| Henry the Navigator | Portuguese prince who set up and funded navigational schools and led several voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal’s colonial empire. |
| Nation-States | Countries in which the majority of the people shared both a common culture and common loyalty toward the authority of a central government. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Agreement between Portugal and Spain over how to split the New World with Portugal taking what is modern day Brazil and Spain taking mostly everything else. |
| Roanoke Island | First British settlement in North America that ultimately failed when the people of the settlement mysteriously disappeared. |
| Horses | New animals introduced to the Americas by Europeans through the Columbian Exchange that revolutionized Native American life by allowing more efficient trade and hunting |
| Diseases | New types of sickness introduced by Europeans to the Americas through the Columbian Exchange that devastated Native American populations. |
| Smallpox | New type of sickness introduced by Europeans to the Americas through the Columbian Exchange that devastated Native American populations. |
| Measles | New type of sickness introduced by Europeans to the Americas through the Columbian Exchange that devastated Native American populations. |
| Capitalism | Economic system that prioritizes the control of capital (money and machinery) over land, which developed as a result of the wealth generated through Transatlantic Trade. |
| Joint-Stock Company | New type of business that was developed to help fund expensive and dangerous voyages through spreading the risk around to multiple investors, which promoted growth. |
| Conquistadores | Spanish explorers and conquerors who came to the New World seeking riches and were willing to use violent tactics toward Native Americans. |
| Hernán Cortés | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico. |
| Francisco Pizzaro | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Incas and conquered the West Coast of South America. |
| Encomienda System | Spanish government’s policy to give Native Americans as forced laborers to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. |
| Asiento System | Required Spanish colonists to pay a tax on each imported African slave brought into the Americas as a result of Native Americans dying off as a labor source. |
| Transatlantic Slave Trade | Capture, enslavement and transportation of millions of Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas to be used as a forced labor source. |
| Middle Passage | Dangerous and deadly transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the European colonies of the Americas as part of Triangular Trade. |
| Slavery | System of bondage in which an enslaved person has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property and forced to work for no pay. |
| Bartolomé de Las Casas | Spanish missionary who was appalled by the encomienda system in Hispaniola and argued on behalf of Native American rights in the Valladolid Debate. |
| New Laws of 1542 | Laws developed by the Spanish monarchy to regulate the treatment of Native Americans and halt the encomienda system; however, this system was unsuccessful and repealed. |
| Valladolid Debate | Debates between Bartolomé de Las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda over the morality of the treatment of Native Americans by the Spanish in the Americas. |
| Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda | Spaniard who debated against Bartolomé de Las Casas in the Valladolid Debate and argued Native Americans were barbarians and should be enslaved. |
| Juan de Oñate | Spanish conquistador who conquered New Mexico for Spain and brutally crushed the Pueblo at the Battle of Acoma. |
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