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AP HuG Intro
Thinking Geographically
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Human Geography | The study of where and why human activities are located where they are. |
| Physical Geography | The branch of geography dealing with natural features and processes. |
| Cartographic Scale | The way a map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents. |
| Mental Map | A map that represents the perceptions and knowledge a person has of an area. |
| Reference Maps | Maps that show locations of places and geographic features, including absolute locations. |
| Physical Map | A map that shows mountains, hills, plains, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. |
| Thematic Map | A map that displays a particular theme or specialized information. |
| Map Projection | A method of representing the spherical Earth on a flat surface. |
| Choropleth Map | A map that uses differences in shading or coloring to indicate statistical ranges. |
| Graduated Symbol Map | A map with symbols varying in size to show relative values. |
| Dot Distribution Map | A map where each dot represents an identical unit, conveying data by the amount present. |
| Cartogram | A map where the sizes of countries represent the data being shown. |
| Isoline Map | A map with lines that connect points of equal or very similar values. |
| Gall-Peters Projection | An equal-area projection that distorts the shape of land masses (appears stretched out). |
| Mercator Map Projection | A projection that accurately shows shape and direction but distorts distance and size of land masses; used for navigation across oceans. |
| Robinson Projection | A projection where lines of latitude and longitude almost intersect at right angles, except near edges. Useful for displaying oceans, but land masses are distorted. |
| Conic Projection | A map created by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone. |
| Absolute Location | The exact location of a place on Earth described by global coordinates. |
| Latitude | The distance in degrees north or south of the equator. |
| Equator | The imaginary center line of latitude that divides the northern and southern hemispheres. |
| Longitude | The distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees. |
| Prime Meridian | 0 degrees longitude, passing through Greenwich, England. |
| International Date Line | The line of longitude centered on the 180th meridian, marking where each new day begins. |
| Relative Location | The position of a place relative to other places. |
| Cultural Landscape | The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape. |
| Built Environment | Man-made or constructed parts of a landscape or area. |
| Landscape Analysis | The process of describing and interpreting the landscape of an area. |
| Place | A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character. |
| Site | The physical character of a place. |
| Situation | The location of a place relative to other places. |
| Toponyms | Names given to portions of Earth's surface. |
| Sense of Place | The relationship with places expressed in different dimensions of human life, reflecting how humans perceive a place. |
| Spatial Approach | The method of identifying, explaining, and predicting human and physical patterns and their connections across various locations. |
| Distance | The length of a path between two points. |
| Hearth | The place where an innovation originates. |
| Time-Space Compression | The reduction in time it takes for something to diffuse to a distant place. |
| Friction of Distance | The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance. |
| Distance-Decay | The diminishing of contact with increasing distance, eventually disappearing. |
| Spatial Association | The reason why two things are placed where they are. |
| Density | The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area. |
| Distribution | The arrangement of something across Earth's surface. |
| Human-Environment Interaction | The geographic theme exploring how people use, adapt to, and modify the environment. |
| Cultural Ecology | The geographic study of human-environment relationships. |
| Environmental Determinism | The idea that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment. |
| Environmental Possibilism | The idea that some environments offer specific constraints or opportunities. |
| Region | An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features. |
| Regionalization | The process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions. |
| Formal Region (Uniform or Homogeneous) | A group of places with similar attributes, such as a political region. |
| Functional (Nodal) Region | A region consisting of a central place and the surrounding places affected by it. |
| Perceptual (Vernacular) Region | A region defined by popular feelings and images rather than objective data. |
| Subregion | A smaller division of a geographic region. |
| Geographic Scale | The amount of territory a map represents, e.g., global scale (whole Earth) or local scale (small region). |
| Development | A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology. |
| More Developed Country (MDC) | A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development. |
| Less Developed Country (LDC) | A country at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development. |
| Human Development Index (HDI) | An indicator of a country’s level of development, constructed by the United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy. |
| Primary Sector | The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, mining, fishing, or forestry. |
| Secondary Sector | The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials. |
| Tertiary Sector | The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, utilities, and the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment. |
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country. |
| Literacy Rate | The percentage of a country's people who can read and write. |
| Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) | An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the gender gap in terms of income, education, and life expectancy. |
| Wallerstein's World Systems Theory Part 1 | The world economy has one market and a global division of labor. |
| Wallerstein's World Systems Theory Part 2 | Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy. |
| Wallerstein's World Systems Theory Part 3 | The world economy has a three-tier structure: Core, Semi-periphery, and Periphery. |
| Core | The most developed countries. |
| Semi-periphery | Places where core and periphery processes occur; exploited by the core but, in turn, exploit the periphery. |
| Periphery | The least developed countries. |
| Brandt Line | A division of the world between MDCs and LDCs, with MDCs in the north having relatively high HDIs and southern countries having lower indexes. |
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