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History facts
Study guide for test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Medici Family | Wealthy merchants that supported the arts, leaing to cultural rebirth in Europe |
| Mayans | Developed a complex calendar system based on the movements of the sun, moon, and planets. |
| Egyptians | Created a 365-day solar calendar to organize farming and flooding seasons of the Nile River. |
| Vienna Treaty (1815) | After Napoleon's defeat, European leaders met to restore monarchies and the old political order. |
| Paris Peace Conference (January 1919) | Allied powers met to decide how to deal with the defeated Central Powers after WWI. |
| Treaty of Versailles (1919) | The treaty formally ended WWI and placed full blame on Germany, requiring harsh penalties. |
| Greece (before 500 BCE- 300 BCE) | Slavery: Most slaves were foreigners, not native greeks |
| Silk Road | Trade route from Rome to china; Shared goods: Silk, Spices, Ideas, Diseases |
| Roman Empire | Constantly attacked by nomadic invaders (E.G huns, Goths) |
| Primogeniture (Medieval Europe) | First born son inherits land: Second-born often becomes priest or soldier |
| Mongols and Silk Road (1200s-1300s) | Mongol empire controlled most of asia, boosted silk road safety and trade Led to cultural diffusion |
| Cabez de vaca | explored the gulf coast region of texas Known for survival and native contact |
| Mayflower compact (1620) | Early self-government document Agreed to follow laws while still being loyal to the king |
| Treaty of paris (1763) | Ended french and Indian war France gave up land in North America -> Britain takes control |
| Marbury v Madison | Established judicial review: courts can strike down unconstitutional laws |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | Federal government has the power to create a national bank States cant tax the federal government |
| Monroe doctrine | Europe must stay out of Latin America |
| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) | U.S. ignored Native land rights; ruled that tribes were not sovereign. |
| Stephen Douglas (1850s) | Supported popular sovereignty—let states vote on slavery. |
| Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) | Slaves weren’t citizens. Increased tensions over slavery and state rights. |
| Confederates (South) | Jeb Stuart: Famous Confederate cavalry general. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | Legalized “separate but equal” segregation in public spaces. |
| Populism (Late 1800s) | Political movement for farmers and working-class people. |
| Oil Boom (Late 19th – Early 20th Century) | Oil becomes a major U.S. economic driver. New oil wells and towns were built People got jobs drilling, pumping, and selling oil Some people, like John D. Rockefeller, got super rich from oil |
| Spanish Flu (1918–1919) | Killed 50 million+ globally. Contributed to post-WWI instability. |
| Paris Peace Conference & Treaty of Versailles (1919) | Set peace terms after WWI. Punished Germany, redrew European borders. |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. Segregation in schools = unconstitutional. |
| Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | Police must read suspects their rights (“Miranda Rights”) during arrest. |
| UK: Constitutional monarchy | king/queen has limited power due to Parliament. |
| Colonial spatial diffusion: | The spread of European settlements in the Americas. |
| Aztecs & Incas | These ancient people had leaders who were also their religious bosses. That's called a theocracy. |
| Monroe Doctrine: | This was like the U.S. saying to Europe: "Stay out of our neighborhood in Latin America!" |
| Universal Male Suffrage | This means all men could vote, not just rich ones. It was important in France and Germany a long time ago. |
| Magna Carta | An old paper from England that said kings couldn’t do whatever they wanted. It inspired the U.S. Bill of Rights. |
| John Locke: | A smart guy who said people should have rights and helped inspire the U.S. Constitution. |
| Populism: | A political idea that tries to help everyday people, not just the rich and powerful. It's based on common sense. |
| Great Compromise: | An agreement that gave us two parts in Congress — one based on population and one with equal votes per state. |
| 15th Amendment: | Gave Black men the right to vote. |
| 19th Amendment | Gave women the right to vote. |
| 24th Amendment (1964): | No more paying money to vote (poll tax). |
| 26th Amendment (1971): | Lowered the voting age to 18 because of the Vietnam War. |
| Voting in Texas: | Used to vote mostly Democrat, but after the 1960s started voting Republican more. |
| Marbury v. Madison: | This case said courts can cancel laws that break the rules (Constitution). |
| Dred Scott Case: | Said enslaved people weren't citizens, which made people angry and helped cause the Civil War. |
| Adam Smith: | Wrote about why people should trade freely. Called the "Father of Capitalism." |
| Keynesian Economics: | Says when the economy is slow, the government should spend more money to help. |
| Oligopoly | A market where just a few big companies control everything. |
| Fiscal Policy: | The government chooses how to spend money and collect taxes. |
| Monetary Policy: | The central bank controls how much money is in the system. |
| Jane McCallum: | Helped get women the right to vote in Texas. |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Helped start the women’s rights movement. |
| Lucretia Mott: | Gave a powerful speech about women’s rights in 1840. |
| Barbara Jordan | First Black woman from Texas in Congress. |
| Minnie Fisher Cunningham: | First Texas woman to run for U.S. Senate. |
| Nancy Love & Jackie Cochran: | First women pilots in the military. |
| Susan B. Davis: | Helped win the 19th Amendment |
| Jane Addams: | Started Hull House to help immigrants |
| Betty Friedan: | Wrote about how women deserved more than just being housewives. |
| Mary: | Early woman who helped with voting rights (might be a reference to Mary Church Terrell). |
| Shays’ Rebellion: | : Farmers in Massachusetts fought back when they couldn’t pay their bills. |
| Santa Anna | Mexican general who won the Battle of the Alamo. |
| Juan Seguin: | Helped Texas become independent from Mexico. |
| Ulysses S. Grant | A top general for the Union (North) in the Civil War. |
| Robert E. Lee & JEB Stuart: | Generals for the Confederate (South) side. |
| William Jennings Bryan: | Ran for President 3 times but never won. |
| Yellow Journalism: | Fake or dramatic news stories that helped start the Spanish-American War. |
| Treaty of Paris: | Ended the war between the U.S. and Spain. |
| Treaty of Versailles: | Ended World War I and blamed Germany. |
| Maastricht Treaty: | Helped create the European Union and the euro. |
| Palmito Ranch: | The last battle of the Civil War, fought in Texas. |
| Stephen Douglas: | Famous politician (more info could help here). |
| Colonial Spatial Diffusion: | This just means how people spread out and settled in new places like colonies. |
| First Continental Congress:. | Group that met to boycott British goods. |
| Second Continental Congress: | Wrote the Declaration of Independence. |
| Articles of Confederation: | America's first government rules — they were weak. |
| Louisiana Purchase (1803): | U.S. bought a big area of land from France. |
| Florida to U.S. (1821): | Spain gave Florida to the U.S. |
| West Africa: | Famous for its gold and salt trade. |
| Alaska (1867): | U.S. bought it from Russia. |
| Intolerable Acts: | Harsh British laws that made colonists really mad. |
| Mayflower: | Ship that brought Pilgrims to Massachusetts to start a new life. |
| Alonso Alvarez de Pineda: | First European to map the Gulf Coast. |
| Suez Canal: | Connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea (in Egypt). |
| Panama Canal: | Connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. |
| 🕊️ Council of Trent | A big meeting by the Catholic Church between 1545–1563 to make some changes and fix problems caused by people leaving the church (like Martin Luther). |
| 🏛️ House of Burgesses | This was the first time people in America voted to help make laws. It happened in Virginia in 1619! |
| 📜 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | A peace agreement in 1848 between the U.S. and Mexico. It ended the Mexican-American War and gave the U.S. land, including Texas and California. |
| 🩺 Dr. Héctor Pérez García | A hero who helped veterans and fought for civil rights for Mexican Americans. He started a group called the American G.I. Forum. |
| 👨🌾 Stephen F. Austin | Known as the "Father of Texas." He brought 300 families to live in Texas in 1825 and helped grow the state. |
| 🗺️ Alonso Álvarez de Pineda | He was the first European to map the Texas coastline back in 1519. A very early explorer! |
| Ghost Dance 📍 | A Native American dance that was meant to bring hope and peace to their people during tough times in the 1800s. |
| Santa Anna | Leader of the Mexican army. He was part of the battle at the Alamo. |
| Magna Carta | A super old document (1215) from England that said kings can’t do whatever they want. It influenced our Bill of Rights. |
| Shays’ Rebellion | Farmers in Massachusetts got upset in the 1780s because they were losing their farms. They protested to ask for help. |
| Articles of Confederation | America's first set of rules before the Constitution. It didn’t work very well because the government was too weak. |
| Roman Empire | A huge empire from long ago that covered parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia. It was ruled by emperors. |
| Shays’ Rebellion | Farmers in Massachusetts got upset in the 1780s because they were losing their farms. They protested to ask for help. |
| Articles of Confederation | America's first set of rules before the Constitution. It didn’t work very well because the government was too weak. |
| William Jennings Bryan | A famous speaker who ran for U.S. President 3 times. He believed in helping farmers and workers. |
| Juan Seguín | A hero of the Texas Revolution who helped Texas become independent from Mexico. |
| Fiscal Policy | When the government decides how to spend money or collect taxes to help the economy. |
| Monetary Policy | When the central bank controls how much money is in the country to keep things fair and balanced. |
| Teddy Roosevelt | A strong U.S. President from 1901–1909. He loved nature and helped make national parks. |
| Spanish-American War (1898) | America helped Cuba and the Philippines fight against Spain. The U.S. got involved after a battleship (U.S.S. Maine) exploded. |
| Declaration of Independence | A letter saying the U.S. wanted to be free from British rule. It says everyone has the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” |
| The Gospel of Wealth | A paper written by Andrew Carnegie that said rich people should help others with their money. |
| World War I (1914–1918) | A huge war started after the killing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. It ended with the Treaty of Versailles. Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey Allies: France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and later the USA |
| Why Did the U.S. Join WWI? | Because Germany was attacking U.S. ships. |
| Russian Revolution | Russia left WWI because of a big revolution at home. A new government called "Communism" took over. |
| Atmosphere | The layer of air and gases around the Earth. |
| Battle of San Jacinto | A surprise attack by Texans led by Sam Houston. It helped Texas win independence from Mexico. |
| Archaeology | Studying history by digging up old buildings, tools, and bones. |
| Paleontology | The science of studying fossils of ancient animals and plants. |
| Sociology | The study of how people live together in communities. |
| Erik Erikson | A psychologist who studied how kids grow up and form their identity. |
| American vs. French Revolution | Both were fights for freedom, but America fought against another country (Britain), and France fought against its own king. |
| Iran’s Borders | Iran is surrounded by mountains and deserts that shape its political borders. |
| Treaty of Maastricht | A European treaty that helped create the Euro and made European countries work together more closely. |
| Republicanism | A belief that the people should elect their leaders. No kings! |
| Separation of Powers | U.S. government has 3 parts: Congress makes laws, the President enforces them, and the Supreme Court checks if they're fair. |
| Plymouth Colony | Pilgrims landed here in 1620 to start a new life in America. They came on the Mayflower! |
| Congressional Committees | Groups in Congress that study problems, suggest laws, and make decisions. There are different types like standing, joint, and select committees. |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) | President during the Great Depression. He made “New Deal” programs to help people get jobs and recover the economy. |
| Marie Curie | A scientist who discovered radium and polonium. Her work helped develop treatments for cancer. |
Created by:
Allison.silva01
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