Question 1

What’s the order of climate zones in Russia from north to south?

Accepted Answer

→ Tundra (icy) → Taiga (forest) → Forest → Steppe (dry grasslands)

Question 2

Which type of chart shows Oregon has the most trees for lumber?

Accepted Answer

→ A bar chart is best for comparing biggest to smallest.

Question 3

A picture of a tree and soil is showing what?

Accepted Answer

→ The nutrient cycle (how nutrients move in nature).

Question 4

How were the Himalayas and Andes Mountains formed?

Accepted Answer

→ By earth plates pushing together (plate convergence).

Question 5

What makes a region special or unique (like Texas hill country)?

Accepted Answer

→ Its geography (land, plants, weather, etc.).

Question 6

What does a map showing Kurds in many countries mean?

Accepted Answer

stateless nation ethnic group spread across Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria without an independent nation.

Question 7

If the president and vice president can't do their jobs, who’s next?

Accepted Answer

→ The Speaker of the House is next in line.

Question 8

Which amendments gave people the right to vote?

Accepted Answer

→ 15 (Black men), 19 (women), 26 (18-year-olds)

Question 9

How can Congress help the economy during a recession?

Accepted Answer

→ By cutting taxes so people and businesses spend more.

Question 10

What type of companies sell stocks and bonds?

Accepted Answer

→ Corporations

Question 11

If taxes go down, what happens to supply and demand?

Accepted Answer

→ People buy more (demand increases), businesses produce more (supply).

Question 12

What was the last battle of the Civil War?

Accepted Answer

→ Palmito Ranch in Texas

Question 13

Who was Estevanico?

Accepted Answer

→ A slave who helped explore and could speak many languages.

Question 14

What was the Louisiana Purchase (1803)?

Accepted Answer

→ The U.S. bought land from France and doubled in size.

Question 15

What happened after World War I in the U.S.?

Accepted Answer

→ The Red Scare (fear of communism)

Question 16

What industry grew fast in the early 1900s?

Accepted Answer

→ Cotton

Question 17

What was the Treaty of Versailles about?

Accepted Answer

Germany had to pay for WWI, lost land, and was blamed for the war.

Question 18

Why did the League of Nations fail?

Accepted Answer

→ The U.S. didn’t join, and it was too weak to stop wars.

Question 19

What happened at Camp David?

Accepted Answer

→ A peace deal between Israel and Egypt.

Question 20

What was the purpose of NATO?

Accepted Answer

→ To stop the spread of communism during the Cold War.

Question 21

Why did Spain and Portugal search for sea routes?

Accepted Answer

Because the Arabs controlled land routes to Asia.

Question 22

Why were Africans taken to the Americas as slaves?

Accepted Answer

→ For profit, not because cotton was needed — it was for money.

Question 23

What were West Africans known for trading?

Accepted Answer

→ Gold and salt

Question 24

What happened to the number of slaves after the cotton gin was invented?

Accepted Answer

→ Slavery increased because more cotton was made.

Question 25

What type of farming did the Incas do?

Accepted Answer

→ Terracing (cutting steps into mountains to grow food)

Question 26

Who didn’t like Native Americans being put on reservations?

Accepted Answer

→ Quanah Parker, a Native American leader

Question 27

How were Charlemagne and Muhammad alike?

Accepted Answer

→ They both used military force to grow their empires.

Question 28

What event caused big political changes in Europe?

Accepted Answer

→ The fall of the Berlin Wall

Question 29

What’s a cottage industry?

Accepted Answer

→ Making goods from home to sell, like Etsy or eBay today.

Question 30

What’s the Quran and who wrote it?→ The holy book of Islam, written by Muhammad.

Accepted Answer

→ The holy book of Islam, written by Muhammad.

Question 31

What is Keynesian economics?

Accepted Answer

→ The idea that governments should spend money during hard times to help the economy grow.

Question 32

How did Gandhi bring change to India?

Accepted Answer

→ Through peaceful protest, not violence.

Question 33

How were the Vietnam and Korean Wars alike?

Accepted Answer

→ Both were about stopping the spread of communism (containment).

Question 34

What’s a good example of a secondary source?

Accepted Answer

→ A website or textbook (not written during the time).

Question 35

What did W.E.B. Du Bois fight for?

Accepted Answer

→ Equal rights for African Americans through the NAACP.

Question 36

Which of the following groups comprised the majority of the slave population in ancient Greece?

Accepted Answer

Foreigners who had been captured by Greek city-states in war.

Question 37

The primary gods of ancient Maya religious cultures represented

Accepted Answer

The natural forces that most directly influenced the material welfare of the people.

Question 38

Judaism differed most from other pre-Christian religions of the ancient Mediterranean world in its

Accepted Answer

Belief that a single god created and controlled the universe.

Question 39

Which of the following most influenced the emergence of Renaissance culture in northern and central Italy during the fourteenth century?

Accepted Answer

The rise of a wealthy and ambitious class of merchants.

Question 40

Which of the following best describes a major international outcome of World War I?

Accepted Answer

The United States enhanced its position as a major economic power while Europe’s leading nations declined economically.

Question 41

During the first half of the eighteenth century, the Iroquois Confederacy attempted to strengthen its negotiating position in relations with European colonial powers by

Accepted Answer

Undertaking economic initiatives that would reduce its dependence on European trade goods.

Question 42

Which of the following best describes a major political cause of the American Revolution?

Accepted Answer

Differences between colonial and British definitions of representation and consent.

Question 43

Which of the following best describes a major economic development in the South during Reconstruction?

Accepted Answer

Sharecropping replaced the plantation system as the main form of agricultural organization.

Question 44

Which of the following groups comprised the majority of the slave population in ancient Greece?

Accepted Answer

Foreigners who had been captured by Greek city-states in war.

Question 45

The primary gods of ancient Maya religious cultures represented

Accepted Answer

The natural forces that most directly influenced the material welfare of the people.

Question 46

Judaism differed most from other pre-Christian religions of the ancient Mediterranean world in its

Accepted Answer

Belief that a single god created and controlled the universe.

Question 47

Which of the following most influenced the emergence of Renaissance culture in northern and central Italy during the fourteenth century?

Accepted Answer

The rise of a wealthy and ambitious class of merchants.

Question 48

Which of the following best describes a major international outcome of World War I?

Accepted Answer

The United States enhanced its position as a major economic power while Europe’s leading nations declined economically.

Question 49

During the first half of the eighteenth century, the Iroquois Confederacy attempted to strengthen its negotiating position in relations with European colonial powers by

Accepted Answer

Undertaking economic initiatives that would reduce its dependence on European trade goods.

Question 50

Which of the following best describes a major political cause of the American Revolution?

Accepted Answer

Differences between colonial and British definitions of representation and consent.

Question 51

Which of the following best describes a major economic development in the South during Reconstruction?

Accepted Answer

Sharecropping replaced the plantation system as the main form of agricultural organization.

Question 52

Which of the following best describes a major assumption on which the détente policy of Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger were based?

Accepted Answer

It is possible for ideologically antagonistic nations to work together to achieve certain shared objectives.

Question 53

Which of the following was a major consequence of the Camp David Accords of 1978?

Accepted Answer

Reduction of tensions between Egypt and Israel.

Question 54

In her influential 1963 book The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan contributed to the rise of the feminist movement by arguing that

Accepted Answer

Women needed to reexamine the belief that they could find fulfillment only in their roles as wives and mothers.

Question 55

Ocean tides are produced mainly by

Accepted Answer

The gravitational pull exerted on Earth by the moon and the sun.

Question 56

The diagram above best illustrates which of the following aspects of soil formation?

Accepted Answer

Nutrient cycle

Question 57

Sociologists who base their work on functionalist theory would most likely ask which of the following questions?

Accepted Answer

How do various elements in a social system work together to maintain stability?

Question 58

Which of the following is a central assumption of type and trait theories of personality?

Accepted Answer

Environment is the main determinant of behavior.

Question 59

If the legislative and executive powers are combined in the same person or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty, because of apprehensions that the monarch or senate might enact tyrannical laws and execute them in a despotic manner.

Accepted Answer

This quote reflects Montesquieu’s idea of separation of powers—to protect freedom, the branches of government must be kept separate.

Question 60

"Again, there is no liberty if the judicial power is not separate from the legislative and executive..."
Which of the following best embodies the principles described in the excerpt above?

Accepted Answer

Articles I, II, and III of the U.S. Constitution

Question 61

Which of the following best describes a constitutionally sanctioned procedure for amending the U.S. Constitution?

Accepted Answer

A proposed amendment is approved by a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress and sent to the states for ratification.

Question 62

Required that states provide citizens with the opportunity to register to vote when applying for or renewing a driver’s license. The main goal of this legislation was to

Accepted Answer

Remove impediments to voting.

Question 63

(Top of question cut off) Representative government in the United States. Which of the following would be an appropriate learning goal for the teacher to use in assessing student understanding of this topic?

Accepted Answer

Explain the importance of the Mayflower Compact, the Fundamental Order of Connecticut, and the Virginia House of Burgesses.

Question 64

Which of the following best describes a central concept of Keynesian economic theory?

Accepted Answer

Economic stability can best be maintained through government management of aggregate demand.

Question	Answer
What’s the order of climate zones in Russia from north to south?	→ Tundra (icy) → Taiga (forest) → Forest → Steppe (dry grasslands)
Which type of chart shows Oregon has the most trees for lumber?	→ A bar chart is best for comparing biggest to smallest.
A picture of a tree and soil is showing what?	→ The nutrient cycle (how nutrients move in nature).
How were the Himalayas and Andes Mountains formed?	→ By earth plates pushing together (plate convergence).
What makes a region special or unique (like Texas hill country)?	→ Its geography (land, plants, weather, etc.).
What does a map showing Kurds in many countries mean?	stateless nation ethnic group spread across Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria without an independent nation.
If the president and vice president can't do their jobs, who’s next?	→ The Speaker of the House is next in line.
Which amendments gave people the right to vote?	→ 15 (Black men), 19 (women), 26 (18-year-olds)
How can Congress help the economy during a recession?	→ By cutting taxes so people and businesses spend more.
What type of companies sell stocks and bonds?	→ Corporations
If taxes go down, what happens to supply and demand?	→ People buy more (demand increases), businesses produce more (supply).
What was the last battle of the Civil War?	→ Palmito Ranch in Texas
Who was Estevanico?	→ A slave who helped explore and could speak many languages.
What was the Louisiana Purchase (1803)?	→ The U.S. bought land from France and doubled in size.
What happened after World War I in the U.S.?	→ The Red Scare (fear of communism)
What industry grew fast in the early 1900s?	→ Cotton
What was the Treaty of Versailles about?	Germany had to pay for WWI, lost land, and was blamed for the war.
Why did the League of Nations fail?	→ The U.S. didn’t join, and it was too weak to stop wars.
What happened at Camp David?	→ A peace deal between Israel and Egypt.
What was the purpose of NATO?	→ To stop the spread of communism during the Cold War.
Why did Spain and Portugal search for sea routes?	Because the Arabs controlled land routes to Asia.
Why were Africans taken to the Americas as slaves?	→ For profit, not because cotton was needed — it was for money.
What were West Africans known for trading?	→ Gold and salt
What happened to the number of slaves after the cotton gin was invented?	→ Slavery increased because more cotton was made.
What type of farming did the Incas do?	→ Terracing (cutting steps into mountains to grow food)
Who didn’t like Native Americans being put on reservations?	→ Quanah Parker, a Native American leader
How were Charlemagne and Muhammad alike?	→ They both used military force to grow their empires.
What event caused big political changes in Europe?	→ The fall of the Berlin Wall
What’s a cottage industry?	→ Making goods from home to sell, like Etsy or eBay today.
What’s the Quran and who wrote it?→ The holy book of Islam, written by Muhammad.	→ The holy book of Islam, written by Muhammad.
What is Keynesian economics?	→ The idea that governments should spend money during hard times to help the economy grow.
How did Gandhi bring change to India?	→ Through peaceful protest, not violence.
How were the Vietnam and Korean Wars alike?	→ Both were about stopping the spread of communism (containment).
What’s a good example of a secondary source?	→ A website or textbook (not written during the time).
What did W.E.B. Du Bois fight for?	→ Equal rights for African Americans through the NAACP.
Which of the following groups comprised the majority of the slave population in ancient Greece?	Foreigners who had been captured by Greek city-states in war.
The primary gods of ancient Maya religious cultures represented	The natural forces that most directly influenced the material welfare of the people.
Judaism differed most from other pre-Christian religions of the ancient Mediterranean world in its	Belief that a single god created and controlled the universe.
Which of the following most influenced the emergence of Renaissance culture in northern and central Italy during the fourteenth century?	The rise of a wealthy and ambitious class of merchants.
Which of the following best describes a major international outcome of World War I?	The United States enhanced its position as a major economic power while Europe’s leading nations declined economically.
During the first half of the eighteenth century, the Iroquois Confederacy attempted to strengthen its negotiating position in relations with European colonial powers by	Undertaking economic initiatives that would reduce its dependence on European trade goods.
Which of the following best describes a major political cause of the American Revolution?	Differences between colonial and British definitions of representation and consent.
Which of the following best describes a major economic development in the South during Reconstruction?	Sharecropping replaced the plantation system as the main form of agricultural organization.
Which of the following groups comprised the majority of the slave population in ancient Greece?	Foreigners who had been captured by Greek city-states in war.
The primary gods of ancient Maya religious cultures represented	The natural forces that most directly influenced the material welfare of the people.
Judaism differed most from other pre-Christian religions of the ancient Mediterranean world in its	Belief that a single god created and controlled the universe.
Which of the following most influenced the emergence of Renaissance culture in northern and central Italy during the fourteenth century?	The rise of a wealthy and ambitious class of merchants.
Which of the following best describes a major international outcome of World War I?	The United States enhanced its position as a major economic power while Europe’s leading nations declined economically.
During the first half of the eighteenth century, the Iroquois Confederacy attempted to strengthen its negotiating position in relations with European colonial powers by	Undertaking economic initiatives that would reduce its dependence on European trade goods.
Which of the following best describes a major political cause of the American Revolution?	Differences between colonial and British definitions of representation and consent.
Which of the following best describes a major economic development in the South during Reconstruction?	Sharecropping replaced the plantation system as the main form of agricultural organization.
Which of the following best describes a major assumption on which the détente policy of Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger were based?	It is possible for ideologically antagonistic nations to work together to achieve certain shared objectives.
Which of the following was a major consequence of the Camp David Accords of 1978?	Reduction of tensions between Egypt and Israel.
In her influential 1963 book The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan contributed to the rise of the feminist movement by arguing that	Women needed to reexamine the belief that they could find fulfillment only in their roles as wives and mothers.
Ocean tides are produced mainly by	The gravitational pull exerted on Earth by the moon and the sun.
The diagram above best illustrates which of the following aspects of soil formation?	Nutrient cycle
Sociologists who base their work on functionalist theory would most likely ask which of the following questions?	How do various elements in a social system work together to maintain stability?
Which of the following is a central assumption of type and trait theories of personality?	Environment is the main determinant of behavior.
If the legislative and executive powers are combined in the same person or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty, because of apprehensions that the monarch or senate might enact tyrannical laws and execute them in a despotic manner.	This quote reflects Montesquieu’s idea of separation of powers—to protect freedom, the branches of government must be kept separate.
"Again, there is no liberty if the judicial power is not separate from the legislative and executive..." Which of the following best embodies the principles described in the excerpt above?	Articles I, II, and III of the U.S. Constitution
Which of the following best describes a constitutionally sanctioned procedure for amending the U.S. Constitution?	A proposed amendment is approved by a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress and sent to the states for ratification.
Required that states provide citizens with the opportunity to register to vote when applying for or renewing a driver’s license. The main goal of this legislation was to	Remove impediments to voting.
(Top of question cut off) Representative government in the United States. Which of the following would be an appropriate learning goal for the teacher to use in assessing student understanding of this topic?	Explain the importance of the Mayflower Compact, the Fundamental Order of Connecticut, and the Virginia House of Burgesses.
Which of the following best describes a central concept of Keynesian economic theory?	Economic stability can best be maintained through government management of aggregate demand.
Which of the following best describes the major disadvantage of sole proprietorships?	Owners of sole proprietorships are personally liable for all debts incurred by the enterprise.
Silk Road	Trade route between China and Europe; spread goods, ideas, disease (like the Black Death).
The expansion of the rail network most influenced economic development in the United States during the last half of the nineteenth century by	Creating the basis for a national market system.
Gunpowder, Paper	East Asia (China)
Steam Engine, Combustion Engine	Europe
Olmec Civilization	Early Mesoamerican culture known for colossal stone heads.
Mongol Empire / Genghis Khan	Largest land empire in history; promoted trade, communication, and cultural exchange on the Silk Road.
Printing Press	Invented by Gutenberg in Europe; created to mass-produce books, especially the Bible → spread literacy and ideas (Reformation).
Quipu	Incan record-keeping system using knotted strings.
Toussaint Louverture	Leader of the Haitian Revolution; former slave who led a successful slave rebellion.
What percentage of Congress does it take to amend the Constitution?	2/3
When given a chart with three different boxes, what is the answer?	Federalism
Confucius was most known for his impact from what?	Philosophy
What is the importance of the Magna Carta?	First written document for people moving to the Americas to have freedom from England, encouraging individual rights. Led to the Bill of Rights.
What happened with the Camp David Accords?	Israel agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. Egypt offered a peace treaty with Israel as a result.
Thomas Paine's Common Sense most influenced the writing of what?	The Declaration of Independence
What was Kissinger and Nixon’s foreign policy for re-election?	Détente policy
What was important about Rome in BCE?	It showed that Roman rulers had little control over Rome itself.
If unemployment is over 10%, what type of policy will be enforced?	Fiscal policy to lower taxes
Theory of relativity?	Albert Einstein
What did the invention of the cotton gin do?	It led to more people being brought into slavery
Power is shared by state governments and federal governments.	Federalism
To propose an amendment to the Constitution, it must be proposed by both Houses with ___ vote in support.	2/3
When an amendment to the Constitution passes both Houses, it must be approved by ___ of the states before it becomes an official amendment.	3/4
What case dealt with judicial review?	Marbury v. Madison
The view that a person's moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live:	Social Contract Theory
Indian group where crops were more important, more advanced, and it showed through their excellent craft working:	Caddos
What is it called when a society categorizes people by wealth, power, and status?	Social stratification
What country has strict social stratification?	India
What encouraged a representative form of government?	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – first written constitution in America
Why was the Mayflower Compact important?	First form of representative government; power comes from the people
What is Montesquieu known for?	Federalism and the separation of powers
What political theory is about obligations being based on agreements to form society?	Social Contract Theory
What is fascism?	Direct power from the military
What case dealt with judicial review?	What case dealt with judicial review?
Magna Carta importance:	Encouraged individual rights; influenced the Bill of Rights
Thomas Paine's Common Sense influenced:	The Declaration of Independence
The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan focused on:	Equal pay and women’s role in society
Confucius' impact:	Philosophy
What led to the American Revolution?	Proclamation of 1763
Order of key events:	Boston Massacre → First Continental Congress → Declaration of Independence → Constitution
Last battle of the Civil War:	Palmito Ranch
Emancipation Proclamation:	Freed all slaves in Confederate states
North Advantages:	Larger population, more industry, better railroads, strong navy
South Advantages:	Familiar territory, strong military leaders, defensive strategy
Who were excellent craft workers?	Caddo Indians
Moses Austin’s importance:	Brought the first Anglo settlers into Spanish Texas
First attempt by Anglo settlers to secede from Mexico:	Fredonian Rebellion
Cordova Rebellion:	Rebellion in response to tensions between Anglo settlers and Mexican Texans
Why did Santa Anna attack the Alamo?	To scare Texans; it was a symbolic fort overtaken by Texians
Why did Texans win at San Jacinto?	Surprise attack and strong preparation
Juan Seguin supported Mexican-American War because:	He was forced by the Mexican government after being accused of treason
Détente policy (Nixon & Kissinger):	Easing Cold War tensions; seen in the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
Cuban Missile Crisis:	October 1962; 13-day standoff over Soviet missiles in Cuba
Gulf War:	Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, invaded Kuwait in 1990. The U.S. and allies responded with Operation Desert Storm.
Iranian Hostage Crisis:	Hostages released when Reagan became president
Iranian Revolution:	Reagan supported Iran due to anti-communism, despite tensions
Kurds:	Stateless nation
Pure Competition:	Many sellers offering identical products
Monetary Policy Use:	Used to increase money supply and lower interest rates to promote growth
If unemployment is over 10%, what policy is used?	Fiscal policy – lower taxes to stimulate the economy
What happens if British currency drops?	U.S. imports from Britain increase; exports to Britain decrease
Given a picture of a tree: what is being shown?	Nutrient cycle
Theory of relativity:	Albert Einstein
What culture had a known language, tools, and segmentary societies?	Bantu
Who did the Inca worship?	Nature gods
Japanese Feudal System is similar to:	Indian caste system
Chinese invention?	Paper making
Jane McCallum:	Fought for women’s suffrage in Texas
Lulu Belle Madison:	Civil rights activist
Spain’s reasons for exploration:	God, gold, and glory
What did Europe give to the Americas in the Columbian Exchange?	Coffee, diseases, livestock, horses
What was the primary goal of Dollar Diplomacy under President Taft?	Dollar Diplomacy aimed to expand U.S. influence in Latin America and East Asia through economic investments and loans, rather than military intervention.
Which of the following was a major component of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal?	FDR’s New Deal focused on relief, recovery, and reform, and included job programs like the CCC and WPA.
According to Islamic tradition, how was the Quran revealed to Muhammad?	Muslims believe the angel Gabriel revealed the Quran to Muhammad over a span of 23 years.
What did the Declaration of Sentiments advocate for	Written primarily by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, it was modeled after the Declaration of Independence and called for equal rights for women.
What was the significance of the Battle of Gonzales in Texas history?	This was the first battle of the Texas Revolution; Texans resisted Mexican troops trying to retrieve a cannon.
Which indigenous Texas group was known for their advanced farming and craftsmanship?	The Caddo were known for pottery, agriculture, and permanent settlements.
What role did the Ottoman Empire play in the spread of Islam?	The Ottomans expanded Islamic influence into Southeast Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.
What was the last battle of the Civil War?	Battle of Palmito Ranch
What was Estebanico known for during early Spanish exploration?	Estebanico, an enslaved African, played a key role in exploring the American Southwest with Cabeza de Vaca.
Who created the first known map of the Texas Gulf Coast?	Alonso Álvarez de Pineda In 1519, Pineda mapped the Gulf Coast from Florida to Mexico, including Texas.
What is the main purpose of monetary policy?	Control inflation and stabilize the economy Central banks adjust interest rates and money supply to maintain economic stability.
Why was the Mayflower Compact important?	It was the first example of self-government in the colonies Signed by the Pilgrims, it established a basic form of democracy and social contract.
What did the Columbian Exchange bring from Europe to the Americas?	Horses, coffee, diseases Europeans brought livestock (like horses), coffee plants, and diseases such as smallpox.
What did Spain hope to achieve through the exploration of the Americas?	God, Gold, and Glory Spanish motivations included spreading Christianity, gaining wealth, and national prestige.
Why is the Gulf War significant in modern U.S. history?	It was a successful military operation to remove Iraq from Kuwait The Gulf War (1990–1991) was launched after Iraq invaded Kuwait; Operation Desert Storm led to Iraq’s withdrawal.
Confucius	aught that good government is based on ethical behavior, respect, and duty — not force.
American Revolution event order	French & Indian War Stamp Act Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Lexington & Concord Declaration of Independence
17th Amendment (1913)	allowed direct election of U.S. senators, part of the Progressive Era reforms.
Moses Austin	from Spain in 1820 to bring settlers into Texas — his son, Stephen F. Austin, carried it out.
Louisiana Purchase	doubling the size of the U.S., stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.
Lowell’s textile homes closed	immigrants were often brought in to work in place of young Yankee women.
Diminishing marginal utility	When a man drinks water, his satisfaction decreases with each cup — the first quenches his thirst, the 5th is less satisfying.
Louisiana Purchase	doubling the size of the U.S., stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.
WASP women (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant)	supported war efforts by transporting materials and working in industry locally during WWII.
Ivan Pavlov’s experiment	classical conditioning — the dog salivated as a response to a stimulus (bell) paired with food. The salivation is a response, not the stimulus.

Henry Kissinger	détente during Nixon’s presidency — easing Cold War tensions.
Miguel Hidalgo	began Mexico’s fight for independence in 1810 with the Grito de Dolores.

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