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Canadian Studies
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pacifism | A belief system that opposes all forms of violence and war, often based on moral or religious principles. |
| Just War Theory | A moral philosophy that outlines when it is justifiable to go to war (jus ad bellum) and how to conduct war ethically (jus in bello). |
| Jus ad bellum | Criteria for determining if it is just to go to war. |
| Jus in bello | Rules governing behavior during war. |
| Jus post bellum | Principles guiding justice after war. |
| Geneva Conventions | International treaties that define humanitarian treatment during war, especially for civilians, POWs, and wounded soldiers. |
| Institutional Aggression | Aggression enacted by governments or states through means like invasions, blockades, or attacks on infrastructure. |
| Cause and Consequence | Identifying why events happen and their results. |
| Nuclear Pacifist | A belief that nuclear weapons make war unthinkable and that disarmament is necessary. |
| Continuity and Change | Understanding what has changed and what has remained over time. |
| Historical Significance | Determining the importance or impact of events, people, or developments. |
| Ethical Judgement | Evaluating past actions by today’s moral standards. |
| Historical Perspective | Understanding the past from the viewpoint of those who lived at that time. |
| Presentism | Judging the past by modern values; a historical error to avoid. |
| Inference | A conclusion drawn from evidence and reasoning. |
| Justification | Providing moral or logical reasons for an action. |
| Explicit Statement | A clear and direct statement. |
| Implicit Statement | A statement where meaning is suggested but not directly stated. |
| Federalism | A system in which power is divided between national and regional governments. |
| Democracy | Government by the people, through free and fair elections. |
| Responsible Government | A government that is accountable to the elected representatives of the people. |
| Constitutional Monarchy | A system where the monarch acts as head of state within constitutional limits. |
| Parliamentary System | A system of democratic governance where the executive is drawn from the legislature. |
| Governor General | The King’s representative in Canada, performing ceremonial and constitutional duties. |
| Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms | A constitutional document guaranteeing fundamental rights to Canadians. |
| Notwithstanding Clause | Allows governments to pass laws that may override certain Charter rights. |
| Reasonable Limits | Rights in the Charter may be limited if justifiable in a free and democratic society. |
| War Measures Act | A law that gave the federal government emergency powers during crises. |
| Emergencies Act | Modern replacement for the War Measures Act, allowing emergency powers in defined situations. |
| Minority Government | A government in which the ruling party holds fewer than half the seats in the House of Commons. |
| Representation by Population (Rep by Pop) | A principle where representation in government is based on population size. |
| Senate of Canada | The upper house of Parliament, with 105 members appointed to represent regions. |
| Executive, Legislative, Judicial | The three branches of Canadian government. |
| Confederation | The joining of provinces to form Canada in 1867. |
| October Crisis (1970) | A political crisis in Quebec involving the FLQ and the invocation of the War Measures Act. |
| Quiet Revolution | A period of rapid change in Quebec during the 1960s, asserting French identity and secularism. |
| War of 1812 | Conflict between the U.S. and Britain, significant to Canadian identity. |
| Treaty of Ghent | Treaty that ended the War of 1812. |
| Seven Years’ War | A global conflict involving colonial powers, leading to British dominance in Canada. |
| Indian Act | Canadian law governing many aspects of Indigenous life. |
| Status | A legal identity assigned to some Indigenous peoples under the Indian Act. |
| Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa | Shawnee brothers who united Indigenous groups against American expansion. |
| First Nations Government | Governmental structure imposed by Canada (chief and council). |
| Separatism | The belief that Quebec should separate from Canada. |
| Federalist | A person who believes Quebec should remain within Canada. |
| International Criminal Court (ICC) | First permanent war crimes tribunal, based in The Hague. |
| War Crimes | Serious violations of the laws of war. |
| POWs | Prisoners of War, protected under the Geneva Conventions. |
| Multiculturalism | Policy recognizing and promoting diversity in Canadian identity. |
| Equality Rights | Charter rights guaranteeing equal treatment under the law. |
| Fundamental Freedoms | Include freedom of religion, speech, and assembly. |
| Tariff | A tax on imports or exports. |
| Quota | A limit on the quantity of goods that can be imported or exported. |
| International Relations | Political, economic, and cultural relations between nations. |
| Reliability (in sources) | The degree to which a source is trustworthy and accurate. |
| Primary Source | Original evidence from the time of an event. |
| Secondary Source | Interpretation or analysis of historical events, often written later. |
| Peacekeeping | Canada's long tradition of supporting international peace missions. |
| Reconciliation (Monument) | National Peacekeeping Memorial in Canada. |
| Combat | Active fighting between armed forces. |
| Peacekeeping | The deployment of international forces to help maintain or restore peace. |
| Reconstruction | Efforts to rebuild a country after a war or conflict. |
| Diplomatic Work | Negotiations and relationship-building between nations, especially during/after conflict. |
| Conscription Crisis (1917) | Controversy over mandatory military service during WWI. |
| Fenians | Irish-American group that raided Canadian territory post-Civil War, influencing Canadian unification. |
| Reciprocity Treaty | 1854 agreement on free trade between British North America and the USA. |
| Bloc Québécois | Federal political party advocating Quebec sovereignty. |
| House of Commons | The elected lower house of Canada's Parliament. |
| Members of Parliament (MPs) | Elected representatives in the House of Commons. |
| Majority Government | When one party wins more than half the seats in Parliament. |
| PERSIAT | An acronym used to analyze historical context: Political, Economic, Religious, Social, Intellectual, Artistic, Technological. |
| Bias | A tendency to present or hold a particular perspective, often without full consideration of all facts. |
| Judgement | A personal opinion or evaluation, often based on values. |
| Turning Point | A moment or event that causes significant change. |
| Progress | Movement toward improvement or a better condition. |
| Decline | Deterioration or worsening over time. |
| Official Languages Act | Law recognizing English and French as official languages of Canada. |
| Multiculturalism | Policy that promotes the acceptance of diverse cultural backgrounds within Canada. |
| Annexation | The act of one country taking over part or all of another. |
| Tariff Threats | Threats to increase taxes on imports or exports, often used as economic pressure. |
| Historical Significance | How do we measure the importance of a person or event? |
| Continuity and Change | Did the historical event represent progress, decline or continuity for society? |
| Evidence and Sourcing | How do we measure the reliability of evidence? |
| Historical Perspective | To what extent can we understand the past from their perspective, rather than our own? |
| Cause and Consequence | What were the most important causes and consequences of the event? |
| Ethical Judgement | Do we have a moral obligation today to make up for historical injustices? |
| Depth (Historical Significance) | How deep was the impact on people's lives? |
| Scope (Historical Significance) | How many people were affected? |
| Duration (Historical Significance) | How long did the impact last? |
| Continuity | Where there is little or no change and things remain the same. |
| Progress | Major positive changes that result from an event or person. |
| Decline | Major negative changes that result from an event or person. |
| Turning Point | A big, quick change caused by an event or person. |
Created by:
tori.bissell
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