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Praxis Science 5-9
ChatGPT-Generated Flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is peer review important in science? | It ensures the validity and reliability of research findings. |
| How should broken glass be disposed of in a lab? | In a designated sharps container, not the trash. |
| What is the function of goggles in the lab? | To protect eyes from chemicals, glass, or heat. |
| What equipment is used to measure mass? | A triple-beam balance or digital scale. |
| What is a hazard associated with heating substances in a lab? | Risk of burns, fires, or chemical splashes. |
| What is a criterion in engineering? | A specific requirement or goal that a solution must meet. |
| What is a constraint in engineering? | A limitation such as cost, time, or materials. |
| What is the purpose of iteration in engineering? | To improve and refine a design based on test results. |
| What is engineering design? | A process to define problems and create solutions based on criteria and constraints. |
| What are crosscutting concepts in science? | Ideas that apply across all domains of science (e.g., patterns, cause and effect, systems). |
| What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data? | Qualitative = descriptions; quantitative = numbers/measurements. |
| What is empirical evidence? | Data collected through observation or experimentation. |
| What are three types of scientific models? | Physical, mathematical, and conceptual. |
| Why is scientific knowledge considered tentative? | It is open to revision based on new evidence or better interpretations. |
| What is the difference between a scientific law and a scientific theory? | A law describes what happens; a theory explains why it happens. |
| What is the difference between solute and solvent? | Solute = substance dissolved; solvent = substance doing the dissolving. |
| What is an endothermic reaction? | A reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. |
| What is an exothermic reaction? | A reaction that releases heat to the surroundings. |
| What is the Law of Conservation of Mass? | Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. |
| What is a saturated solution? | A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature. |
| What happens during a physical change? | The form changes but the chemical identity stays the same. |
| What is the pH range of acids and bases? | Acids: <7, Bases: >7, Neutral: 7. |
| What is an example of a chemical change? | Rusting, burning, or a color change due to a new substance forming. |
| What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonding? | Ionic = transfer of electrons; covalent = sharing of electrons. |
| What is the formula for density? | Density = Mass ÷ Volume. |
| What is a mixture? | Two or more substances physically combined and not in fixed ratios. |
| What is a compound? | A substance made of two or more elements chemically combined. |
| What are isotopes? | Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. |
| What is the atomic number? | The number of protons in an atom. |
| What is the basic structure of an atom? | Protons and neutrons in the nucleus; electrons in orbitals. |
| What is density's role in floating? | Less dense objects float in denser fluids. |
| What happens when buoyant force equals an object’s weight? | The object floats. |
| What is buoyant force? | The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged object. |
| What is mass? | The amount of matter in an object, independent of gravity. |
| What is weight? | The force of gravity on an object (W = mg). |
| What is the unit for force? | Newton (N). |
| What is friction? | A force that resists motion between two surfaces. |
| What causes an object to accelerate? | An unbalanced force acting on it. |
| What is net force? | The total force acting on an object after all forces are combined. |
| What is Newton's Third Law? | For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
| What is Newton's Second Law? | Force = mass × acceleration (F = ma). |
| What is Newton's First Law? | An object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by a force (inertia). |
| What is acceleration? | The rate of change in velocity over time. |
| What is the difference between speed and velocity? | Velocity includes direction; speed does not. |
| What is the formula for speed? | Speed = Distance ÷ Time. |
| What is refraction? | The bending of waves as they enter a new medium. |
| What causes the Doppler effect? | The motion of a wave source changing the observed frequency. |
| What is wavelength? | The distance from one crest/trough to the next. |
| What is frequency? | The number of wave cycles per second (measured in Hertz). |
| What is amplitude? | The height of a wave from the rest position, indicating energy. |
| What type of wave is sound? | Mechanical and longitudinal. |
| What type of wave is light? | Electromagnetic and transverse. |
| What are longitudinal waves? | Waves in which particles move parallel to the direction of the wave. |
| What are transverse waves? | Waves in which particles move perpendicular to the direction of the wave. |
| What is an insulator? | A material that resists the flow of heat or electricity. |
| What is a conductor? | A material that transfers heat or electricity well. |
| What are the three methods of heat transfer? | Conduction, convection, and radiation. |
| What is the Law of Conservation of Energy? | Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed. |
| What is the formula for potential energy? | PE = mass × gravity × height (PE = mgh). |
| What is the formula for kinetic energy? | KE = ½ × mass × velocity². |
| What happens during meiosis? | A cell divides into four genetically unique gametes with half the chromosomes. |
| What happens during mitosis? | A cell divides into two identical daughter cells. |
| What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? | Sexual = genetic variation; asexual = clones. |
| What are the levels of organization in a multicellular organism? | Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism. |
| What is the function of ribosomes? | Protein synthesis. |
| How do viruses differ from living organisms? | They are not made of cells and require a host to reproduce. |
| What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms? | Unicellular = one cell; multicellular = many cells with specialized functions. |
| What is active transport? | Movement of substances using energy (ATP), often against a concentration gradient. |
| What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis? | Diffusion = general movement of particles; osmosis = diffusion of water. |
| What is the function of the cell membrane? | It controls what enters and exits the cell. |
| What is the function of the nucleus? | It stores DNA and controls the cell’s activities. |
| What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis? | Chloroplast. |
| What organelle is responsible for producing energy in cells? | Mitochondria. |
| What are the two main types of cells? | Prokaryotic (no nucleus) and eukaryotic (has nucleus). |
| What is the basic unit of life? | The cell. |
| What are invasive species? | Non-native organisms that disrupt native ecosystems. |
| What is ecological succession? | The gradual process of ecosystem development and species replacement. |
| What is the carbon cycle? | The movement of carbon among the atmosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. |
| What is the nitrogen cycle? | The process of nitrogen moving through the atmosphere, soil, and organisms. |
| What are the three main types of symbiosis? | Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. |
| What is symbiosis? | A close relationship between different species. |
| What is carrying capacity? | The maximum population an environment can support sustainably. |
| What is a limiting factor? | Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts population growth. |
| What is biodiversity? | The variety of living species in an ecosystem. |
| What is the 10% rule in ecology? | Only 10% of energy transfers to the next trophic level. |
| What is a food web? | A complex network of interconnected food chains. |
| What is a food chain? | A linear sequence of organisms through which energy flows. |
| What is a decomposer? | An organism that breaks down dead matter (e.g., fungi, bacteria). |
| What is a consumer? | An organism that eats other organisms for energy. |
| What is a producer? | An organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. |
| What is genetic drift? | A random change in allele frequencies, especially in small populations. |
| What is speciation? | The formation of a new species through evolution. |
| What is artificial selection? | Human-directed breeding for desired traits. |
| What are homologous structures? | Similar body parts due to common ancestry. |
| What is a fossil? | Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms. |
| What is evolution? | The change in species over time. |
| What is adaptation? | A trait that helps an organism survive in its environment. |
| What is natural selection? | The process where individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce. |
| What is a mutation? | A change in the DNA sequence. |
| What tool predicts inheritance patterns? | A Punnett square. |
| What is a recessive allele? | An allele that is masked by a dominant allele unless two copies are present. |
| What is a dominant allele? | An allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele. |
| What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? | Genotype = genetic makeup; phenotype = physical traits. |
| What is an allele? | Different versions of a gene. |
| What is a gene? | A segment of DNA that codes for a trait. |
| What are asteroids and comets? | Asteroids = rocky bodies; comets = icy bodies with tails when near the Sun. |
| What are neap tides? | Lower tides when the Sun and Moon are at right angles (first/third quarter). |
| What are spring tides? | Highest high tides during new/full moons due to Sun and Moon alignment. |
| What causes tides on Earth? | The gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun. |
| What is a lunar eclipse? | Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the Moon. |
| What is a solar eclipse? | The Moon blocks sunlight from reaching Earth. |
| What causes the phases of the Moon? | The portion of the Moon lit by the Sun, as seen from Earth. |
| What causes seasons? | Earth’s 23.5° axial tilt and its revolution around the Sun. |
| What causes day and night? | Earth’s rotation on its axis. |
| What evidence supports the Big Bang theory? | Redshift of galaxies and cosmic microwave background radiation. |
| What is the Milky Way? | A barred spiral galaxy containing our solar system. |
| What happens to a massive star after a supernova? | It becomes either a neutron star or black hole. |
| What are the main life cycle stages of a low-mass star? | Nebula → protostar → main sequence → red giant → white dwarf. |
| What does a star’s color indicate? | Its surface temperature—blue is hottest, red is coolest. |
| What is nuclear fusion? | The process where hydrogen atoms combine to form helium, releasing energy—this powers stars. |
| What is a jet stream? | A fast-flowing air current in the upper atmosphere that influences weather. |
| What causes wind? | Unequal heating of Earth’s surface and the Coriolis effect. |
| What layer of the atmosphere contains weather? | The troposphere. |
| What is deposition? | The laying down of sediments in a new location. |
| What is erosion? | The movement of sediments by water, wind, or ice. |
| What is weathering? | The breaking down of rocks (mechanical or chemical). |
| How are sedimentary rocks formed? | Through compaction and cementation of sediments. |
| What is the rock cycle? | The continuous transformation of rock types: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic. |
| What is a transform boundary? | Plates slide past each other, often causing earthquakes. |
| What type of boundary causes mid-ocean ridges? | Divergent boundary. |
| What type of boundary forms mountains? | Convergent boundary (continental-continental collision). |
| What is the composition of the Earth's core? | Mostly iron and nickel (outer core = liquid, inner core = solid). |
| What is the outermost layer of Earth? | The crust. |
| What causes the movement of tectonic plates? | Convection currents in the mantle. |
| What are the four major Earth systems? | Geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere. |
| What is carbon sequestration? | Capturing and storing atmospheric CO₂ to reduce climate change. |
| What are two ways to reduce the impact of natural disasters? | Early warning systems and improved building codes. |
| What is a natural hazard? | A naturally occurring event like an earthquake, volcano, or hurricane that impacts humans. |
| What are some effects of global warming? | Melting ice, rising sea levels, stronger storms, droughts. |
| What is the impact of agriculture on the environment? | Runoff pollution, habitat loss, and methane emissions from livestock. |
| What is the purpose of recycling? | To reduce waste, conserve resources, and decrease pollution. |
| What is sustainability? | Using resources in a way that doesn’t deplete them for future generations. |
| What is a carbon footprint? | The total amount of greenhouse gases emitted by human activities. |
| What is ocean acidification? | The lowering of ocean pH due to excess CO₂ absorption. |
| What is the main cause of increased atmospheric CO₂? | Burning fossil fuels. |
| What is the greenhouse effect? | The trapping of heat in Earth’s atmosphere by gases like CO₂ and CH₄. |
| What is urbanization? | Expansion of cities, often leading to habitat loss and increased pollution. |
| What is deforestation? | The clearing of forests, which leads to loss of biodiversity and more CO₂ in the atmosphere. |
| What is a nonrenewable resource? | A resource that forms over millions of years and is finite (e.g., coal, oil). |
| What is a renewable resource? | A resource that can be replenished naturally in a short time (e.g., solar, wind). |
| What is the purpose of iteration in the design process? | To refine and improve a solution through repeated testing. |
| What is a trade-off in engineering? | A decision where gaining one feature means losing another (e.g., strength vs. weight). |
| What is the role of computational thinking in science? | Using logic and algorithms to model, simulate, and analyze scientific data. |
| What is the purpose of peer review in science? | To validate and improve scientific work through feedback from other scientists. |
| What graph best compares different categories? | Bar graph. |
| What graph best shows change over time? | Line graph. |
| What is a scientific argument? | A logical explanation supported by evidence and reasoning. |
| What is CER? | Claim, Evidence, Reasoning—a format for scientific explanations. |
| What is a model in science? | A representation of a system or process used to explain and predict behavior. |
| Why do scientists repeat trials? | To ensure results are reliable and not due to chance. |
| What makes a scientific question testable? | It can be investigated through measurable observation or experiment. |
| What is a control variable (constant)? | A factor kept the same throughout an experiment. |
| What is the dependent variable? | The variable that is measured or observed. |
| What is the independent variable? | The variable that is changed on purpose in an experiment. |
| What is a hypothesis? | A testable prediction based on prior knowledge. |
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rrobbins03
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