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U.S. Hist Final Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Favorite Sons | Presidential candidates who were popular only in their home state or region rather than nationally. |
| Corrupt Bargain | The alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in the 1824 election where Clay supported Adams in exchange for becoming Secretary of State. |
| Spoils System | The practice of giving government jobs to political supporters and friends rather than to qualified candidates. |
| Worcester v. Georgia | A Supreme Court case that ruled states could not impose laws on Native American tribal lands, which President Jackson ignored. |
| Ordinance of Nullification | South Carolina's attempt to declare federal tariffs null and void within their state borders. |
| Era of Good Feelings | A period of national unity and reduced political party conflict during James Monroe's presidency (1817-1825). |
| Sectionalism | The tendency for different regions of the country to develop distinct political and economic interests that conflicted with national unity. |
| Inflation | A general increase in prices that reduces the purchasing power of money. |
| Interchangeable Parts | Identical machine-made parts that could be easily replaced, revolutionizing manufacturing and repair processes. |
| American System | Henry Clay's economic plan that included a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements like roads and canals. |
| Rush-Bagot Agreement | A treaty between the United States and Britain that limited naval forces on the Great Lakes. |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | An agreement where Spain gave Florida to the United States and established the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase. |
| Anaconda Plan | The Union's Civil War strategy to blockade Southern ports and control the Mississippi River to squeeze the Confederacy. |
| Draft (Civil War context) | The system of mandatory military service used by both the Union and Confederacy during the Civil War. |
| Emancipation Proclamation | President Lincoln's executive order that freed enslaved people in rebellious states during the Civil War. |
| Gettysburg Address | Lincoln's famous speech dedicating a cemetery that redefined the Civil War's purpose. |
| Black Codes | Laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War to restrict the rights of freed slaves. |
| Freedmen's Bureau | A federal agency that helped former slaves transition to freedom after the Civil War. |
| Sharecropping | A farming system where former slaves worked land in exchange for a share of the crops. |
| Jim Crow Laws | State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the South after Reconstruction. |
| Clara Barton | Civil War nurse who founded the American Red Cross |
| Andrew Jackson | 7th President, champion of common man, opposed National Bank |
| John Quincy Adams | 6th President, won 1824 election through 'Corrupt Bargain' |
| Henry Clay | 'Great Compromiser,' created American System |
| Martin Van Buren | 8th President, Jackson's Vice President, faced economic crisis |
| John C. Calhoun | Southern politician, champion of states' rights and nullification |
| Eli Whitney | Inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts |
| Abraham Lincoln | 16th President, led Union during Civil War, issued Emancipation Proclamation |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | Established federal supremacy and implied powers of Congress |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | Gave federal government power to regulate interstate commerce |
| Dartmouth College v. Woodward | Protected private contracts from state interference, strengthened corporate rights |
| Fletcher v. Peck | First time Supreme Court struck down a state law, established that contracts cannot be impaired by states |
| 13th Amendment | Abolished slavery |
| 14th Amendment | Granted citizenship and equal protection to all born in the US |
| 15th Amendment | Prohibited denying voting rights based on race |
| Battle of Antietam | Bloodiest single day, stopped Confederate invasion of the North, led to Emancipation Proclamation |
| Gettysburg turning point | Stopped Lee's second invasion of the North, marked beginning of Confederate decline |
| Reconstruction challenges | Rebuilding the South, integrating freed slaves, political conflicts over how harsh to be |
| Freedmen's Bureau | Provided education, healthcare, food, and legal assistance to former slaves |
| Black Codes/Jim Crow impact | Severely restricted African American rights, created legal segregation and economic dependence |
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