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End of Year Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Enlightenment (1600s) | idea of democratic rule develops from this period's ideas of natural rights, separation of powers, and political equity |
| dictatorship/unjust rule | opposite of the consent of governed and permanent rule by one person |
| Magna Carta (1215) | document that limits power of the monarch (king) |
| English Bill of Rights (1689) | laws passed giving English people rights, limits power of the monarch (king) |
| Great Awakening (1740s) | religious movement before American Revolution that encourages greater religious enthusiasm and political independence |
| Declaration of Independence | explains why colonists felt they needed to be free from British rule based on rights that had been violated |
| English Parliament | a two-house (bi-cameral) legislature that becomes a model for America's legislative branch (Congress) |
| Mayflower Compact (1620) | introduces principle of self-government to American colonies |
| Constitution: 10th Amendment | provides for a balance of power between the national (federal) and state government |
| Constitution: loose interpretation | Alexander Hamilton favors this understanding of the Constitution |
| Constitution: Bill of Rghts | First 10 amendments stating the rights and freedoms of Americans |
| Constitution: Preamble | States six goals of the Constitution - begins with "We the People..." |
| Constitution: veto power | one of the checks that the executive branch has over the legislative branch |
| Constitution: judicial review | one of the checks the judicial branch has over the legislative |
| Constitution: veto overrride | one of the checks tha legislative branch has over the executive |
| Constitution: legislative, executive, judicial | the three branches of government: provides for separation of pwer and checks and balances among them |
| Federalists | party of Hamilton: supports strong central (federal) government - often business owners and merchants |
| Anti-federalists | party of Jefferson and others who favored small central government and strong state power - often farmers |
| tariffs | import taxes opposed by Jeffersonians and many small farmers |
| Shays Rebellion (1786) | event that leads to calls for revising the weak Articles of Confederation |
| Articles of Confederation (1777 - 1787) | our first national government - very weak - replaced by Constitution |
| Constitutional Convention (1787) | secret 3-month meeting in Philadelphia that creates new ruling document - several compromises keep country together |
| Louisiana Purchase | doubles the size of our country - gains control of land from Mississippi to Rockies |
| Jefferson | President who buys Louisiana from France for $15 million in 1803 |
| Washington's Farewell Address | esteemed leader warns of dangers of political parties, encourages unity and education and expresses pride in accomplishments |
| War of 1812 | creates an increase in American manufacturing because of lack of trade with Britain, create sense of national pride in victory |
| Texas | huge territory joins US in 1848 leading quickly to war with Mexico over border disputes, also part of Manifest Destiny |
| Monroe Doctrine (1823) | proclaims American dominance in Western Hemisphere, prevents further European colonization in North/South America |
| Industrial Revolution: textiles | Begins with Samuel Slater, moves to New England towns with waterfalls like Lowell Massachusetts |
| Industrial Revolution: cotton gin | important invention that leads to an increased demand for land and enslaved labor in the Deep South |
| planters | Southern society and economy dominated by this "1%" of the population which owns most of the enslaved people |
| slavery | gradually eliminated in most Northern states after the Revolution, never permitted in Michigan and 4 other states |
| rigid social class system | In part because of a slave-based economy, Southern society develops this, while the North does not as much - think TKAM |
| plantations | large estates in the South growing cash crops at scale making their owners very wealthy - based on slave labor |
| Manifest Destiny | belief that America was destined to expand from coast to coast- famous phrase from era: "Go west, young man, and grow up with the country." |
| gold rush | spurs extraordinary growth in California in mid-1800s |
| Indian Removal Act (1830) | Jacksonian policy of relocating thousands of Native Americans to what is now Oklahoma from eastern states |
| Trail of Tears | nickname for thousand-mile march Native Americans took to get to new lands during relocation because so many suffered and died |
| mission system | Spanish system of settlements in California during Revolution and Early Republic eras |
| Harriet Tubman | an important "conductor" on the Underground Railroad |
| Underground Railroad | a network of hiding places used to help slaves escape to freedom in the North or Canada |
| abolitionists | their goal was an immediate end to slavery |
| William Lloyd Garrison | prominent abolitionist who wrote The Liberator newspaper |
| Frederick Douglass | escaped slave who speaks out against slavery - meets with Lincoln |
| Compromise of 1820 (Missouri Compromise) | Missouri enters nation as slave state, Maine as free state, line drawn prohibiting new slave states north of it |
| Compromise of 1850 | California enters nation as free state, South demands Fugitive Slave Act |
| popular sovereignty | people of the new states allowed to decide whether to slave or free |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act`(1854) | opens new territories to possible slavery that had been closed by the Missouri Compromise - leads to "Bleeding Kansas" |
| "Bleeding Kansas" (1856) | fighting between pro- and anti-slavery forces over fate of new territory |
| states' rights | Southerners' main idea expressed in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolves (1796), Missouri Compromise (1820), and the Nullification Crisis (1820) eventually, the Civil War (1860/1) |
| Gettysburg Address (1863) | Lincoln's reframing of the Civil War to remind Americans of the Declaration's ideals of self-government and human rights |
| Unity of nation | Lincoln's primary goal at the beginning of his first administration |
| healing the nation | Lincoln's primary goal at the beginning of his second administration |
| blockade | Northern war strategy to isolate South, stop sale of cotton, prohibit war supplies |
| Reconstruction: goals | ensure rights for former slaves, assist in helping them enter society |
| Freedman's Bureau | set up to assist recently freed slaves - encourages education and small independent farming practices |
| 13th Amendment (1865) | Frees slaves |
| 14th Amendment (1868) | grants citizenship to all persons born in United States (formerly enslaved people are now citizens) |
| 15th Amendment (1870) | grants suffrage (right to vote) to previously enslaved people (men only) |
| 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments | considered the "Reconstruction Amendments" they grant civil rights to the formerly enslaved people - after this they are free citizens who can vote. |
| Industrialization issues: labor strife | during the Second Industrial Revolution (1850 - 1920) labor strife (disagreement, sometimes violent) become more common as workers fight for rights |
| Industrialization issues: population shifts | during the Second Industrial Revoltution, many workers come to cities for the industrial jobs available - Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, etc attract recent immigrants |
| Industrialization issues: labor unions | labor unions like the American Federation of Labor organize workers to try to gain better wages and working conditions through the use of strikes and collective bargaining |
| Industrialization issues: immigrants | large numbers of workers from other countries arrive in the US and settle in big cities where the growing industries are located |
| Industrialization issues: immigration backlash | some groups resist immigration: unskilled workers, rural farmers, urban nativists; while others promote it: factory owners (who want inexpensive workers) |
| Industrialization issues: industrialists | during the Second Industrial Revolution, industrialists like John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, and Andrew Carnegie acquire enormous wealth |
| Gettysburg (1863) | turning point battle in the Civil War - fought in Pennsylvania while most other battles were fought in the South |
Created by:
PRO Teacher
Mr. Tinkham
Popular U.S. History sets