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Mai Mai study
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nationalism | Describes a sense of commonality among people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often linked with a desire for territory |
| Empiricism | Theory that knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Knowledge of the world is based on your experiences, especially the senses |
| Rationalism | Theory that opinions & actions should be based on reason and knowledge ... rather than emotion or any external authority (leaders / religion) |
| Individualism | Basic elements of society are the individual human and not collective groups. Therefore progress and expansion of the individual over society |
| Social Contract | Human societies, endowed with natural rights must construct governments of their own will. The main purpose of the government is to protect natural rights, and by consequence if a government becomes tyrannical or tramples on the rights can be overthrown |
| Capitalism | Economic system where investment and ownership of means of production and distribution is made and maintained by private individuals or corporations |
| Industrial Capitalism | Economic system that relies on investment of capital in machines and technology that are used to increase production of marketable goods |
| Socialism | Political & economic theory which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole |
| Scientific Socialism | Term that Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels used to stress to that their ideology was based on a hypothesis and analysis of class conflict |
| Communism | Political & Economic system where the government owns and controls the means of production (land, factories, machinery) and gives the people what they think you need |
| Republicanism | A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated |
| Deism | Belief in God based on reason rather than revelation or the teaching of any specific religion. There is a creator who does not interfere with the universe |
| Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land |
| Anti-Semitism | Hostility to or prejudice against Jews. |
| Humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts (ex. Greek and Roman) and focused on human potential and achievements |
| Buddhism | Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering. |
| Hinduism | A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms |
| Confucianism | A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct. |
| Protestantism | a form of Christianity that was in opposition to the Catholic Church |
| Sikhism | the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam |
| Imperialism | A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. |
| Mercantilism | Economic theory that governments served their countries' economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals - gold & silver); helped fuel European colonialism |
| Syncretism | a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith |
| Abolitionism | Movement to end slavery |
| Maternal Feminism | Movement that claimed that women have value in society not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a distinctive and vital role as mothers; women have the right to intervene in civil and political life because of future child |
| Marxism | Economic and political theory that state human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately collapse |
| Radicalism | Western European political philosophy during the nineteenth century; advocated democracy and reforms favoring lower classes |
| Nativism | A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones |
| Social Darwinism | Theory that humans are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. "survival of the fittest"—the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better |
| Fascism | A governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, and commerce, and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism. |
| Liberalism | A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. |
| Religious Fundamentalism | the demand for a return to the strict and extreme adherence to a certain religious or moral doctrine. |
| Environmentalism | an organized movement of concerned citizens, businesses, and government agencies designed to protect and improve people's current and future living environment |
| Caesaropapism | A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire. |
| Consumerism | A culture of leisure and consumption that developed during the past century or so in tandem with global economic growth and an enlarged middle class; emerged first in the Western world and later elsewhere. |
| Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. |
| Secularism | An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from government, civic affairs and public education. |
| Judaism | The monotheistic religion developed in the Middle East by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice |
| Mahayana Buddhism | "Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and to compassion and proved to be more popular |
| Progressivism | Followers of an American political movement (around 1900) that advocated reform measures such as wages-ang-hours legislation to correct the ills of industrialization |
| Schism | (n.) a formal split within a religious organization; any division or separation of a group or organization into hostile factions |
| Sufism | An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. |
| Theravada Buddhism | "Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine; emphasizes practices rather than beliefs. |
| Paganism | religiously believing in multiple gods |
| Chauvinism | unreasoning and boastful devotion to one's nation, group or sex |
| Isolationism | A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs |
| Conservatism | in favor of preserving the status quo, traditional values and customs, and against abrupt change |
| Fanaticism | excessive zeal; extreme devotion to a belief or cause |
| Paternalism | the policy or practice on the part of people in positions of authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to them in the subordinates' supposed best interest. |
| Nepotism | favoritism shown to family or friends by those in power, especially in business or hiring practices |
| Absolutism | A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) |
| Zionism | A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. |
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