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APUSH Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Massachusetts Bay Colony - | Established in 1629 by the Puritans. Governor John Winthrop called it a "city upon a hill." Established for religious purposes. |
| Puritans - | Religious dissidents who traveled to the New World to develop a purer church than the Church of England. |
| Indentured Servents - | Exchanged work for passage to the New World. |
| London Company - | Permitted by King James I to establish Jamestown for economic reasons. |
| Powhatan Confederacy - | Native American alliance who had early conflict with the Jamestown settlers. Eventually, they developed a trade alliance and provided the colonists with corn. Pocahontas married John Rolfe to ensure future peace. |
| House of Burgesses - | Created in 1619 by the Virginia colony. First representative government in any British colony. |
| William Bradford - | Leader of the Seperatist pilgrims who landed on Plymouth Rock. |
| Mayflower Compact - | 1620. Provided the pilgrims with a representative government once they reached land. |
| Roger Williams - | Preached separation of church and state, and argued that Mass. Bay Colony was too similar to the Church of England. He was exiled for spreading dissent and went to Rhode Island. |
| Thomas Hooker/John Davenport - | Founded the colony of Connecticut. Hooker had been forced out of Mass. Bay Colony. |
| Anne Hutchinson - | Exiled from Mass. Bay Colony for claiming personal revelations with God. Established Portsmouth. |
| George Calvert - | Settled Maryland in 1632 as a refuge for English Catholics. |
| Mercantilism - | Economic theory: state must be as self-sufficient as possible, export more than input, government regulation of commerce, colonies, tariffs, monopolies. |
| Navigation Acts - | Passed in 1660. Forced colonies to trade solely with Great Britain, increased tensions. |
| Triangular Trade Route - | Slaves taken from Africa and brought to the colonies, raw materials from colonies went to Britain, finished products sold back to the colonies. |
| Middle Passage - | African slave route in which many died from horrible conditions. |
| Salem Witch Trials - | Hysteria in Salem, Mass. over alleged witches. Many executed on false claims. |
| Salutary Neglect - | British policy of relaxing enforcement of trade regulations in the colonies. |
| Dominion of New England - | Revoked the charters of many colonies and placed control under Edmund Andros, the governor. |
| Bacon's Rebellion - | Nathaniel Bacon and a group of landowners opposed Sir Berkeley's authority and burned Jamestown to the ground. Failed, but limited royal governor's power and increased the slave trade. |
| Stono Rebellion - | Occurred in Charleston, South Carolina. Slaves took up arms and killed plantation owners, but were quickly subdued. Results: slaves treated even more harshly. |
| Colonial Assemblies - | Rose in the early 1700s. Increased colonial independence, scaring the British. |
| Molasses Act - | Increased British control on colonial goods. |
| First Great Awakening - | Religious revival in the colonies in 1720-1740. Ministers preached horrible images of sinners burning in hell and gained popularity off of fear. Famous among them were Jonathon Edwards and George Whitefield. |
| French and Indian War - | Conflict between French with Indian allies and the British with colonial support. Decreased French influence in colonies. |
| Stamp Act - | Enacted a tax on all paper products exported from the colonies. Created strong tension and was repealed. |
| Townshend Acts - | British act forced colonies to pay taxes on most goods from England. Fiercely resisted and repealed in 1770. |
| Boston Massacre - | British soldiers fought into an agitated colonial crowd, killing five people. Incited enormous tensions. |
| Sons of Liberty - | Radical group that resisted British policy in Boston in 1760-1770. Organized the Boston Tea Party. |
| Committees of Correspondence - | Started in Mass. and spread. Circulated grievances against the British and united the colonies. |
| First Continental Congress - | Met in Philadelphia in 1774. Colonists vowed to resist British efforts to tax them further without proper representation. |
| Albany Congress - | Met in 1754 to coordinate policies concerning future western expansion and dealings with Native Americans. |
| Edward Braddock - | British general sent to defeat the French at Fort Duquesne. He was defeated and killed, which then signaled the start of the French and Indian War. |
| William Pitt - | British general put in charge of the war. He promised reimbursement for colonial support. |
| George Grenville - | British prime minister who taxed the colonies to relieve massive British debt. |
| Currency Act of 1764 - | Made it illegal to print paper money in the colonies. |
| Sugar Act - | Increased penalty for smuggling goods and put a tax on all molasses brought into the colonies. |
| Quartering Act - | Forced colonists to provide housing and food to British troops stationed in the colonies. |
| Samuel Adams - | Led the Sons of Liberty. Proclaimed taxation without representation was tyranny. |
| Declaratory Act - | Gave Parliament the unquestionable right to tax and pass legislation in the colonies. |
| John Dickinson - | Wrote "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania." Parliament had the right to regulate colonial trade, but could not use that power to raise revenue. |
| Lord North - | Prime minister who came to power in 1770, repealed all Townshend Acts except the tax on tea to keep the colonists under British control. |
| Tea Act - | Legalized the tax on tea and made it cheaper to purchase in the colonies. |
| Boston Tea Party - | 65 men dressed as Indians snuck onto a British ship and dumped 350 chests of tea into the harbor. |
| Intolerable Acts - | Took effect in 1774 to punish the colonists for the Tea Party. Closed the port of Boston, gave the Assembly to royal control, and canceled all town meetings. |
| Quebec Act - | Increased religious freedom of French Catholics, angering the colonists. |
| Declaration of Rights and Grievances - | Written by John Adams. Stated that the colonists would not reject moves to regulate their commerce, but would resist moves to tax them without consent. |
| Suffolk Resolves - | Colonies would continue to boycott British goods and supported a colonial government until the Intolerable Acts were rescinded. Began to train local militias. |
| Common Sense - | Written by Thomas Paine. Incited resentment to the British and was a call to arms towards the colonists. |
| Second Continental Congress - | Authorized creation of a colonial army. Delegates still hoped to find an alternate way for peace with British. |
| Battle of Yorktown - | Turning point in the Revolutionary War. British were defeated in Virginia. |
| Treaty of Paris - | Treaty that ended the Rev. War. Britain recognized American independence and gave them territories from the App. Mtns. to the Miss. River. |
| Articles of Confederation - | Established the first government of the United States. Federal government was much weaker than the state, and was largely unsuccessful. |
| Northwest Ordinances - | Authorized sale of lands in NW territory to raise money for the federal govt. Laid out plans for these territories to eventually become states. |
| Lexington and Concord - | First two battles of the Rev. War. Colonists resisted and British pressed on to destroy colonial supplies. |
| Ethan Allen - | Captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British with his Green Mtn. Boys. |
| George Washington - | Commander of the Continental Army because of his experience. First president of the US who sought to establish respect for the presidency. |
| Olive Branch Petition - | Final plea for peace sent to George III, who refused to even receive the document. |
| Declaration of Independence - | Signed on June 7, 1776 officially stating colonial independence from Britain. |
| Bunker Hill - | Bloody defeat for the colonists, but also incurred many losses for the British. |
| Battle of Trenton - | Washington defeated Hessian troops on Christmas night, boosting colonial morale. |
| Saratoga - | British were defeated during their plan to take Albany, one of the turning points of the war. |
| Valley Forge - | Brief cease fire during winter, troops were plagued by malnutrition and desertion |
| Yorktown - | British general Cornwallis was defeated here by French and colonial forces. Last battle of the Rev. War. |
| Shay's Rebellion - | Farmer rebellion against the government because of inflation and debt. They were put down, but displayed the need for a stronger govt. |
| Virginia Plan - | Proposed a bicameral legislature with reps determined by a state's population. |
| New Jersey Plan - | Proposed a unicameral legislature with each state having one vote. |
| Great Compromise - | CT plan, proposed a bicameral legislature with one house determined by population and one house having equal representation. |
| Electoral College - | Procedure for electing the president and VP by number of electors, not popular vote. |
| Three Fifths Compromise - | Slaves would count as 3/5 of person to determine a state's representation in the House. |
| Federalists - | Political party that favored a larger national govt supported by commercial interests. Opposed by Jeffersonians. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts - | Proposed by Pres. John Adams which gave the pres. the power to expel "dangerous" aliens and outlaw "scandalous" publications against the govt. |
| Anti-Federalists - | Favored a smaller govt because of fear of another tyranny. They pushed for a Bill of Rights. |
| Bill of Rights | First 10 amendments of the US. |
| Alexander Hamilton - | Wanted the US to be a manufacturing society, believed in mercantilism. Wanted strong govt and a broad interpretation of the constitution. Proposed a national bank to provide loans to businesses. |
| Thomas Jefferson - | Wanted an agricultural society, free trade, weak govt, and strict interpretation of the govt. |
| Declaration of Neutrality - | Allowed American merchants to trade with both sides of the conflict between Europe and France. |
| Whiskey Rebellion - | Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against a tax Hamilton placed on whiskey. |
| Jay's Treaty - | Britain had the right to remove French supplies from American ships, but had to leave certain forts in the NW territory. |
| XYZ Affair - | American delegates went to France to negotiate. They were met by officials who demanded a bribe before they could see Talleyrand which the delegates refused. This damaged French relations. |
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolves - | States had the right to not enforce laws that were unconstitutional. |
| Marbury v Madison - | Established judicial review, Supreme Court had the right to review all federal laws and decisions and decide whether or not they were unconstitutional. |
| Louisiana Purchase - | Purchased an enormous amount of land from Napoleon of France that doubled the size of the United States. |
| Lewis and Clark - | Discovered the western part of the country and determined economic possibilities there. |
| War of 1812 - | War between Britain and America over British seizure of US ships, British alliances to Indians, and other tensions. Nothing was gained, but the treaty simply restored diplomatic relations. |
| American System - | Proposed by Henry Clay. Sought to make America economically independent by increasing industrial production and creating a Second National Bank. |
| Missouri Compromise - | Missouri would enter as a slave state and Maine would enter as a free state. Laid groundwork for balance between free and slave states. |
| Twelfth Amendment - | Electoral College votes for the President and the VP separately. |
| Judiciary Act - | Created a large number of new federal courts. Repealed immediately after Jefferson took office. |
| Embargo of 1807 - | American ships could not enter the seas until England and France stopped harassing American ships. |
| Non-Intercourse Act - | Opened trade with all countries except England and France because of interference. |
| War Hawks - | Young Republicans who supported war with Britain in the hopes of gaining new territories and more economic opportunities. |
| Tecumsah - | Indian leader allied with the British who was killed in an early battle of the War of 1812. |
| Treaty of Ghent - | Ended the War of 1812. Did not address problems of impressment or trading rights, but simply restored diplomatic relations between the US and GB. |
| Hartford Convention - | Meeting of Federalists who discussed their suspicion of politicians from the West, their dislike of war, and possibilities of nullification and secession. Soon after, the Federalists lost influence and began to disappear. |
| Era of Good Feelings - | Years from 1816-1823 after the Federalists disappeared when the US experienced little political tension. James Monroe was president during this time. |
| American System - | Proposed by Henry Clay, supported by Monroe. Goal was to increase US economic independence by manufacturing goods within the country rather than relying on exports. Also supported creation of a Second National Bank. |
| Tariff of 1816 - | Raised tariff rates to 22% to provide protection for American business interests and revenue for improving the transportation system. |
| Monroe Doctrine - | Stated that European powers were not to colonize any more countries in the Western Hemisphere. |
| Removal Act of 1830 - | Authorized the removal of all Native American tribes east of the Mississippi into the West. Started the Trail of Tears, which killed thousands. |
| The Liberator - | Abolitionist newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831. |
| Spoils System - | Political supporters of winning candidates would be given jobs in the government. Used often in the administration of Andrew Jackson. |
| Whig Party - | Political party in the 1830s who opposed the Democratic party. They favored commercial and industrial growth. |
| Putting-Out System - | Merchants would buy raw materials and hire families to manufacture the products, which would then be sold. |
| Lowell System - | Work style of early factories, in which young women worked in horrible conditions and slept in dormitories provided by the factories. |
| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia - | Supreme Court Case in which the Cherokee tribe being forced off their land claimed they held valid treaties to it. Marshall argued that they had no real standing in court, but confirmed their right to the lands they possessed. |
| Second Great Awakening - | Occurred during 1790-1830. Preachers proclaimed a person's control over their destiny. Revival meetings in camp-like settings and women became involved in religion. Began rural, spread to cities. Famous preachers Timothy Dwight and Charles Finney. |
| Temperance Movement - | Developed in the 1830s-1840s. Urged the working class not to drink in excess. |
| Horace Mann - | Advocate for formal education for all children, an expanded school year, and rigorous standards for teachers. |
| Dorothea Dix - | Campaigned for better treatment of the mentally ill and those with disadvantages. |
| Abolitionist Movement - | Movement to end slavery. Gained steam in 1830s-1840s with advocates such as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass. |
| American Colonization Society - | Founded in the South in 1817. Opposed slavery because they did not want whites to be in contact with blacks and urged slaveowners to free their slaves and return them to Africa. |
| Nat Turner's Rebellion - | 1831, Turner organized a slave revolt that killed 60 whites. He was unsuccessful, and caused Black Codes to become even harsher. |
| Alexis de Tocqueville - | Marveled at the egalitarian system he observed in American life and the emphasis placed on the common man. |
| Corrupt Bargain - | In the election of 1824,Jackson got the most votes, but not in the electoral college, so the House got to decide. Speaker of the House Clay supported Adams and was then appointed Secretary of State, leading to much suspicion. |
| Kitchen Cabinet - | Jackson's inner circle of political supporters whom he consulted with more often than his actual Cabinet. |
| Andrew Jackson - | President in 1828. Wanted less government intervention in economic affairs and more states' rights. He utilized the veto often, increasing the strength of the presidency. |
| Webster-Hayne Debate - | 1830, debate in the Senate over the constitutionality of nullification. |
| Nullification Crisis - | Jackson passed new tariffs on imported goods, opposed by South Carolina. They refused to implement the laws, so Jackson sent federal troops to the state to forcibly collect tariff payments. Congress authorized this with the Force Act |
| Nicholas Biddle - | |
| Bank Crisis - | Clay pushed for the bank to be rechartered earlier than due, convinced public opinion would support it. Jackson vetoed, increasing his popularity. He ordered all money in the bank to be removed in 1833 and placed in pet banks by individual states. |
| Manifest Destiny - | |
| Mexican-American War - | Fought over possession of Texas, in which both countries held claims. Settlement gave the US the Northern part of TX and also the territories of New Mexico and California. |
| Compromise of 1850 - | Allowed California to enter the Union as a free state, but strengthened the Fugitive Slave Law. |
| Fugitive Slave Act - | Set up commissions in the North to determine whether or not certain slaves were runaways. They were paid more if they were returned to slavery, so many found this corrupt and tried to get rid of it. |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act - | 1854, Allowed settlers in these two states to decide themselves if they would enter the Union as free or slave states. Violence and confusion took place in Kansas as people moved into territory to sway the vote. |
| Dred Scott Case - | Supreme Court Case that determined slaves were property, not people, and could not seek a ruling from any court. Congress had no legal right to ban slavery in any territory. |
| Oregon Trail - | Created during Manifest Destiny. 2 |
| Oregon Territory - | 1846, gave most of the Oregon territory to the US, which had previously been held by Britain. |
| Alamo - | Fort in Texas defeated by Mexican soldiers who were trying to reassert control over the rebellious territory. Rebel leaders were Davey Crockett and Jim Bowie. |
| Walker Tariff of 1846 - | Implemented by Polk, lowered the tariff rates. Pleased the South, angered the North. |
| Bear Flag Republic - | California claimed independence from Mexico on July 4, 1846. |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - | Signed on Feb 2, 1848, ending the Mexican-American war. The US payed $15 million for the TX territory north of the Rio Grande, New Mexico, and California. |
| Wilmot Proviso - | Stated slavery could not exist in any territory acquired from Mexico. Was not passed because of serious sectional conflicts. |
| Free-Soil Party - | Political party who opposed slavery in the newly acquired territories. They nominated Van Buren in 1848, who received 10% of the vote. |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin - | Abolitionist book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in response to the Fugitive Slave Act. |
| Gadsden Purchase - | Gave America an additional southern route for trade and for a railroad on lands negotiated with Mexico. |
| Know-Nothing Party - | Nativist, anti-Catholic political group that formed because of the decline of the Whigs. They opposed immigration of Irish and Germans. |
| John Brown - | Radical free-soiler who led several violent raids on pro-slavery settlements in Kansas. Specifically, Harper's Ferry. |
| Freeport Doctrine - | A territory could exclude slavery if the laws and regulations written made slavery impossible to enforce. |
| Confederate States of America - | Southern confederation of states after they seceded from the Union. Led by Jefferson Davis. |
| First Battle of Bull Run - | Early battle of the Civil War. Ended in Union defeat, making the North realize victory would not be as easy as they expected. |
| Emancipation Proclamation - | Jan 1, 1863. Freed slaves in Southern territories. Committed the North to abolitionism. |
| Battle of Gettysburg - | Bloodiest battle of the Civil War. South was defeated, signaling the turning point of the war. |
| Appomattox - | Virginia courthouse where Robert E. Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865. |
| Fort Sumter - | Fort in South Carolina that was attacked by Southern forces. Buchanan did not send assistance, hurting the Northern cause. |
| Crittenden Plan - | Federal government guaranteed the existence of slavery anywhere it already existed, and the Missouri line would be extended to the Pacific. Republicans in Congress rejected this. |
| Anaconda Plan - | Proposed by Winfield Scott: North would blockade the South's ports, cut off the Mississippi River, and starve the South into submission. |
| Second Battle of Bull Run - | McClellan took over the Union army. Confederates won a victory here. |
| Merrimack - | First Confederate ironclad ship. |
| Monitor - | First Union ironclad ship. Clashed with the Merrimack, with neither side doing much damage. |
| Greenbacks - | Money not backed by gold that was issued by the North to fund the war. |
| Copperheads - | Northern Democrats who opposed the war. Lincoln often suspended writ of habeas corpus and martial law in order to silent dissent. |
| Battle of Fredericksburg/Battle of Chancellorship - | Two losses for the Union due to incompetent leadership. |
| Vicksburg - | Victory for Union forces commanded by Grant, giving the North control of the Mississippi. |
| Reconstruction - | 1865-1877; period after the Civil War when Northern political leaders created plans for how the South would be governed and eventually rejoin the Union. South resented this. |
| Radical Republicans - | Wanted to punish the South for seceding. Would give economic and political rights to freedman in the South and make it difficult for Confederate States to reenter the Union. |
| Reconstruction Act of 1867 - | Placed Southern states under military rule and barred former supporters of the Confederacy from voting. |
| Carpetbaggers - | Northerners who moved to South during Reconstruction in order to make a profit. |
| Scalawags - | White Southern Republicans. |
| Ku Klux Klan - | Founded in Tennessee in 1866; used violence to express grievances felt by southerners during Reconstruction. |
| Compromise of 1877 - | Ended the presidency of 1876; gave the presidency to Rutherford B. Hayes and in turn removed all federal troops from the South and promised to stop enforcing Reconstruction legislation. |
| Ten Percent Plan - | Citizens of former Confederate states would be offered the opportunity to swear allegiance to the Union. When 10% of a state's population signed this pledge, they were entered back into the union. Former Confederate leaders were not offered this pledge. |
| Black Codes - | Passed by Southern legislatures in 1866. They limited black movement, prohibited interracial marriage, and made blacks obtain certificates in order to hold jobs. |
| Wade-Davis Act - | Congress would allow a state to reenter the Union if the majority of voters pledged loyalty to the Union. Lincoln pocket vetoed this bill because it would make readmission too difficult. |
| Freedmen's Bureau - | Designed to help ex-slaves get employment, education, and assistance in adjusting to their new lives. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 - | Granted freedmen the benefits of federal citizenship and promised these rights would be upheld in federal courts. |
| Thirteenth Amendment - | Outlawed slavery and all forms of involuntary servitude. |
| Fourteenth Amendment - | States that did not give freedmen the vote would have reduced representation in Congress. |
| Tenure of Office Act - | The president could not dismiss any Cabinet member without the approval of the Senate. |
| Fifteenth Amendment - | No American could be denied the right to vote "on account of race, color, or precious condition of servitude." |
| Homestead Act of 1862 - | Gave 160 acres of land to any American citizen who could pay a $10 registration fee. Encouraged westward expansion. |
| Massacre at Wounded Knee - | Last large-scale attempt by the Native Americans to resist American expansion. Federal troops fired into the crowd, killing 200 people. |
| Dawes Act - | Broke up Native American tribes by offering individual Native Americans land to use for farming or grazing. |
| Farmer's Alliance - | United farmers who wanted more readily available farm credits and federal regulation of the railroads. |
| Populist Party - | 1892, designed to appeal to workers all over the country. Wanted government to have a larger role in American society, a progressive income tax, and more direct methods of democracy. |
| Turner Thesis - | 1893; Innovations practiced by Western settlers became ingrained in American society, democracy and self-improvement were vital to expansion, and that many aspects of the American character were shaped by this westward expansion. |
| Morrill Land-Grant Act - | Large tracts of land were given to state governments to indirectly give land to settlers. |
| Exodusters - | Southern blacks who migrated to the west to become farmers. Less than 20% were successful. |
| Anaconda Copper Company - | Eastern mining company who refined minerals found by prospectors who could not do it themselves. |
| Timber and Stone Act - | 1878; offered land in the NW unsuitable for farming to settlers at cheap prices. Lumber companies hired people to claim this land and then sell it to them so they could get cheap forest land. |
| Joseph Glidden - | Invented barbed wire in 1873, which signaled an end to the cattle industry, as the open range began to disappear. |
| Sioux - | Fiercely resisted the onset of westward expansion. |
| Battle of Little Bighorn - | General George Custer and his entire force were killed by the Sioux, who were resisting white expansion. This was their last victory, as federal troops were soon brought in to subdue the Sioux. |
| Ghost Dances - | Elaborate ceremonies by the Nez Perce Indians in order to remove whites from their territories, return the buffalo, and bring back dead ancestors. They scared white settlers, and caused more troops to be sent in to subdue them. |
| The Grange - | Founded by Western farmers in 1867. Formed farmer cooperatives, which allowed farmers to buy products in large quantities at a lower price. |
| Greenback Party - | Supported inflation. |
| Ocala Platform - | Stated the principles motivating farmers for the remainder of the century. |
| Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 - | The federal government could regulate interstate railway rates. |
| Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 - | Aimed to control the power of trusts and monopolies. |
| Taylorism - | Belief that factories should be managed in a scientific manner, using techniques to increase efficiency of the workers and factory process as a whole. |
| Horizontal Integration - | Gaining as much control over a single industry as possible, sometimes by creating trusts and holding companies. Used by John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil. |
| Vertical Integration - | Gaining as much control over a single industry as possible by controlling the production, marketing, and distribution of the finished product. Used by Andrew Carnegie and US Steel. |
| Gospel of Wealth - | Philosophy of Carnegie, wealthy industrialists had an obligation to help local communities and philanthropic organizations. |
| Knights of Labor - | 1880s. Major union made up of many industries, accepted unskilled workers. |
| American Federation of Labor - | National labor union formed by Gompers in 1886 to organize skilled workers by craft. |
| Industrial Workers of the World - | Labor union formed in 1905 to unionize unskilled workers not taken by the AF of L. Members were called Wobblies. |
| Gilded Age - | Late 19th century America characterized by great prosperity hiding social inequality and cultural shallowness. |
| Pendleton Service Act - | 1883; Established a civil service system at the federal level; not all govt jobs would be political appointments. |
| Tammany Hall - | Political Machine in NYC that ran politics in 1870 |
| Second Industrial Revolution - | America became the top industrial country in the world. 1 in 2 Americans worked in manufacturing. New developments in technology and organization occurred because of the lack of govt control over business. |
| New South - | Sharecroppers left farms to work in Northern textile factories. |
| Interstate Commerce Act - | Outlawed corrupt business practices such as trusts, but was often ineffective because it was difficult to enforce. |
| Social Darwinism - | Proclaimed God had granted power and wealth to those who most deserved it, thus justifying corrupt business practices. Survival of the fittest was used to justify the large gap between the rich and the poor. |
| Haymarket Square - | Large rally of striking workers, in which a bomb went off and killed many people. This hurt the labor cause, as workers were now seen as anarchists. |
| New Immigrants - | Immigration pattern shift in the late 1800s where more people began coming from Eastern Europe, Russia, and Italy. Their language barrier made it hard to assimilate. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 - | Prohibited any new Chinese laborers from entering the country. |
| Webb Alien Land Law - | Prohibited Asians who were not citizens from owning land anywhere in California. |
| Coxey's Army - | Populist march on Washington that demanded government aid in relieving unemployment. Was unsuccessful, but succeeded in bringing grievances before govt. |
| Jacob Riis - | Wrote 'How the Other Half Lives' exposing the horrible conditions of slums in NYC. |
| Upton Sinclair - | Wrote 'The Jungle' exposing the horrible conditions of the meatpacking industry. |
| Open Door Policy - | Supported by the US that stated that all major powers should have an equal right to trade with China. |
| Spanish-American War - | Began in 1898 against the Spanish over treatment of Cubans by Spanish troops. Resulted in US annexation of the Philippines. |
| Yellow Journalism - | Utilized sensationalized accounts of the news to sell newspapers; helped incite nationalism in the war against the Spanish. |
| USS Maine - | US ship sunk in Havana Harbor in 1898. Was never proven to be sunk by the Spanish, but journalists used this as propaganda to drum up support for the war. |
| Panama Canal - | Canal across Panama started in 1904; expanded US military and economic influence. |
| Roosevelt Corallary - | Warned Europeans against intervening in Latin America's affairs. Claimed the right of the US to intervene in said affairs if necessary. |
| Dollar Diplomacy - | Foreign policy supported by Taft that favored increased US involvement in the world to increase US influence. |
| Naval Act of 1900 - | Authorized construction of battleships that would be offensive in nature. |
| Alfred T. Mahan - | Supporter of naval expansion who wrote 'The Influence of Sea Power on History' which stated American success relied on a strong navy who could set up new markets overseas. |
| Rough Riders - | Led by Teddy Roosevelt, this group of fighters defeated the Spanish at San Juan Hill. |
| Treaty of Paris - | Ended the Spanish-American War. Spain recognized Cuban independence and the US paid $20 million for the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. |
| Teller Amendment - | Stated that America would not try to annex Cuba under any circumstances. |
| Platt Amendment - | US forced Cuba to agree to these provisions in order to gain independence. They could not enter into agreements with other countries without US approval, gave the US the right to intervene in their affairs if necessary |
| Anti-Imperialist League - | Formed in 1898 in opposition to combat American intervention into foreign affairs. |
| Social Gospel Movement - | Originated in the Protestant church and aimed to help the urban poor |
| Muckrakers - | Writers who exposed unethical practices in govt and business |
| Seventeenth Amendment - | Allowed voters instead of state legislatures to elect senators. |
| Initiative Process - | Progressive supported process that allowed any citizen to propose a law. If enough supporter's signatures could be procured, the law would then be voted on. |
| Referendum Process - | Allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws. |
| Recall Process - | Allowed voters to remove an elected official from office before their term expired. |
| Direct Primary - | Allowed party members to vote for prospective candidates |
| Hull House - | Settlement house in Chicago founded by Jane Addams |
| National American Woman Suffrage Association - | Created in 1890 by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony to demand women's right to vote. |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Fire - | 1911, fire in NYC that killed 150 female workers who had been locked into the factory. Enacted many factory reforms. |
| National Consumers League - | Formed by Florence Kelley for legislation that would protect women and children at home and at the workplace. |
| Anti-Saloon League - | Championed by many women who felt alcohol was the major cause for sufferings of the lower classes. |
| Muller v. Oregon - | Supreme Court Case that limited the number of hours a woman could work, as too much work would interfere in their roles as mothers. |
| United States Forest Service - | Set aside 200 million acres of land for national forests. |
| Sixteenth Amendment - | Established a federal income tax which replaced tariffs as a source of revenue. |
| Ballinger-Pinchot Affair - | Ballinger sold millions of acres of land in Alaska to private business interests. When Pinchot, head of Forest Service, objected, Taft fired him. |
| Bull Moose Party - | Teddy Roosevelt ran for president again in 1912 under this progressive party. Hiram Johnson was his VP. He felt Taft was not being progressive enough, and was mad at his decision to bust US Steel. |
| Federal Trade Commission - | Enforced antitrust laws. |
| Federal Reserve System - | Established district reserve banks to protect the economy from future panics. |
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - | Fought for black political equality in America. |
| American Expeditionary Force - | First US forces that landed in France to aid the war effort. They were led by Gen. John J. Pershing. |
| War Industries Board - | Regulated American industry during WWI. Wanted to stimulate wartime production by allocating raw materials to factories that aided the war effort. |
| Committee on Public Information - | Created during WWI to spread pro-Allied propaganda across the country. Newspapers were asked to only print articles that supported the war. |
| Fourteen Points - | Wilson's plan for the postwar world which he brought to the Paris Peace Conference. It proposed open peace treaties, freedom of the seas, arms reductions, and a League of Nations. |
| Allied Powers - | Alliance during WWI made up of France, Russia, and GB. |
| Central Powers - | Alliance during WWI made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. |
| National Security League - | Founded in 1914 to instill patriotism and prepare America for war. |
| Sinking of the Lusitania - | A German U-Boat sunk this British passenger ship which killed 128 Americans. |
| Sussex Pledge - | Germany agreed not to sink any ships without prior warning. |
| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare - | Germans announced they would immediately sink any ship from any country attempting to enter an Allied port. |
| Zimmermann Telegram - | Intercepted message from the German foreign minister to Mexico stating that if Mexico would attack the US, they would be given back all the territory the US took from them. |
| Battle of Chateau-Thierry - | Americans prevented the Germans from crossing the Marne and advancing toward Paris. |
| Meuse-Argonne Offensive - | Cut the supply lines of the German army and was a turning point in the war. |
| Lever Food and Fuel Act - | Allowed the govt to regulate food production and consumption during WWI. |
| Espionage Act - | Made it illegal to obstruct the draft process in any way and any material sent through the mail thought to incite treason could be seized. |
| Great Migration - | 600, |
| Balfour Declaration - | Created a Jewish state in Palestine. Supported by the Zionist movement. |
| Irreconcilables - | Opposed American membership in the League of Nations under any circumstances. |
| Reservationists - | Wanted restrictions on American membership into the League of Nations. |
| Teapot Dome Scandal - | Scandal during the Harding administration. Secretary of the Interior, Fall, had two oil deposits put under the jurisdiction of his department and leased them to private companies for large sums of money. |
| Red Scare - | Fear of the spread of communism in the United States after WWI. |
| Palmer Raids - | Part of the Red Scare. Thousands of Americans not born in the US were arrested and many were sent back to their country of origin. |
| National Origins Act of 1924 - | Anti-immigration legislation that substantially lowered the amount of people allowed into the country. Immigration from Asia was stopped completely. |
| Scopes Trial - | Trial of John Scopes of Tennessee for teaching evolution in school. |
| Jazz Age - | Emphasized relaxed social attitudes of the 1920s. |
| Flapper - | The new woman of the 20s with bobbed hair, shorter skirts, makeup, cigarettes, and were found in more urban centers. |
| Lost Generation - | Post WWI writers who expressed dissatisfaction with mainstream American culture. |
| Harlem Renaissance - | 1920s black literary and cultural movement. |
| Washington Conference of 1921 - | Diplomats from the US, Japan, China, the Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, France, GB, and Italy met to discuss the elimination of naval development and affairs in China and the rest of Asia. They agreed to respect Chinese independence. |
| Fordney-McCumber Tariff - | Increased tariffs on industrial goods. |
| Emergency Quota Act of 1921 - | Limited immigration to 3% the existing amount living in the US. Limited immigration of Eastern and Southern Europeans. |
| Margaret Sanger - | Feminist who promoted the use of birth control and tried to educate immigrants on contraceptives. |
| Nineteenth Amendment - | Granted women the right to vote in 1920. |
| Hoovervilles - | Shack settlements found on the outskirts of cities at the beginning of the Great Depression. |
| Dust Bowl - | Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Texas experienced extreme drought, poor farming, and massive dust storms. |
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff - | 1930, imposed severe tariffs on all incoming goods. European countries then increased their tariffs, doing little to help the American economy. |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation - | Established during the 'first 100 days' of FDR's New Deal to halt panic over bank closings. It insured the deposits of individual citizens. |
| Civilian Conservation Corps - | Provided jobs for 2.5 million young Americans in forest and conservation programs. |
| National Industry Recovery Act - | New Deal legislation that required labor unions to agree upon hours, wages, and prices. Wages went up for many workers, but so did prices. |
| Tennessee Valley Authority - | Created in the New Deal to oversee construction of dams, which provided electricity and flood control for those in the Tenn. Valley Area. |
| Works Progress Administration - | New Deal program that employed 8 million Americans. Projects included construction of schools and roads. |
| Wagner Act - | New Deal legislation that protected the right of workers to form union and utilize collective bargaining. |
| Social Security Act - | New Deal legislation that provided pensions for workers reaching retirement age. |
| New Deal Coalition - | Political coalition created by FDR that kept the Democratic party in power from the 30s to the 60s. Consisted of workers in US cities, southern voters, labor unions, and blacks. |
| Scottsboro Boys - | Nine black defendants accused of raping two white women on a train. There was no evidence, but they were found guilty and all but one were executed. |
| Agricultural Marketing Act - | Created a Federal Farm Board that gave loans to farmers and bought crops to keep farm prices up. |
| Reconstruction Finance Corportation - | Gave money to banks who were authorized to loan this money to businesses and railroads. |
| Bonus Army - | 17, |
| New Deal - | FDR's plan for getting America out of the Great Depression. |
| National Industry Recovery Act - | Established to stop falling prices in industry. |
| Schechter v. United States - | NIRA was declared unconstitutional. |
| Agricultural Adjustment Administration - | Tried to stop the decline in farm prices by paying them not to produce certain products. |
| Second New Deal - | Started in 1935, was another plan of legislation to curb unemployment. |
| Resettlement Administration - | Offered loans to small farmers who faced foreclosure. |
| National Labor Relations Board - | Created by the Wagner Act to enforce its provisions. |
| American Liberty League - | Influential opponents of the New Deal, who attributed it to Bolshevism. |
| Revenue Act of 1935 - | New Deal legislation that increased the tax rate for those making over $50, |
| Father Charles Coughlin - | Vicious opponent of the New Deal. On the radio, he denounced FDR as a liar and a betrayer, and went on to support Hitler and Mussolini. He was kicked off the radio after making anti-Semitic statements during WW2. |
| Governor Huey Long - | Opponent of the New Deal who felt FDR was not doing enough to stop poverty. He called for a redistribution of wealth which would prevent any American from earning over $1 million a year. He was assassinated before he could put any plans into action. |
| Justice Reorganization Bill - | Proposed by FDR, which would have allowed him to appoint a new Supreme Court Justice for every justice over 70 years old. Congress voted against it, thus damaging their relationship with FDR. |
| Congress of Industrial Organization - | Organized and represented unskilled factory and textile workers. |
| Isolationism - | American foreign policy in the 20s-30s revolving around nonintervention in foreign conflicts that did not directly threaten US interests. |
| Yalta Conference - | Meeting between the big three; made decisions about the future of postwar Europe. Germany would be divided into four zones, free elections would take place after the war in Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan. |
| Bataan Death March - | Forced march of US and Filipino soldiers by the Japanese over 60 miles during which 10, |
| Manhattan Project - | Secret project to build an atomic bomb in the US. First successful test was on July 16, 1945. |
| Rosie the Riveter - | Symbolized American women working during WW2. After the war however, they were expected to return to the home. |
| Double V Campaign - | Popularized by U black leaders during WW2 emphasizing a need for a double victory over Germany and Japan, but also over racial prejudices in the country. |
| Internment Camps - | Mandatory resettlement camps for Japanese-Americans on the west coast during WW2. FDR ordered it and was supported by the Supreme Court. |
| America First Committee - | Prominent Isolationist group who believed it was best to stay out of foreign conflicts. |
| Nye Committee - | Congressional committee led by Sen. Gerald Nye who investigated America's entry into WWI. They found that bankers and arms manufacturers influenced this decision. |
| Neutrality Acts of 1935 - | If countries went to war, the US would not trade arms with them for six months; any nonmilitary goods sold to nations at war would have to be paid for up front and transported in non-American ships. (Cash-and-Carry) |
| Neutrality Act of 1939 - | Allowed cash-and-carry to countries at war in order to indirectly support Britain and France in WW2. |
| Lend-Lease Act - | Congress gave the president the ability to send immediate aid to Britain. |
| Atlantic Charter - | Roosevelt and Churchill proclaimed their opposition to territorial expansion and that they were for free trade and self-determination. Made the first steps towards creating a stronger world organization. |
| Attack on Pearl Harbor - | Dec 7, 1941, Japanese bombed the US naval base in Hawaii. America responded by declaring war on Japan and Germany. |
| Revenue Act of 1942 - | Expanded the number of Americans who had to pay the federal income tax in order to generate more revenue for WW2. |
| Battle of the Atlantic - | German torpedoes sunk many American ships. |
| D-Day - | Allied invasion of Northern France that occurred on June 6, 1944. Began the demise of Nazi troops. |
| Battle of the Bulge - | Last major German offensive of the war. Allies were pushed back into Belgium, but with reinforcements were able to force the Germans to retreat. |
| Final Solution - | Hitler's plan to exterminate all of Europe's Jewish population in an event called the Holocaust. |
| Battle of the Coral Sea - | First decisive victory for the Americans in the Pacific War. This battle stopped the Japanese advance into Australia. |
| Battle of Midway - | Turning point in the Pacific War, in which Japan was never able to launch another major offensive. |
| Battle of Guadalcanal - | American marines fought hand-to-hand with Japanese. |
| Island-Hopping - | US strategy in the Pacific War. Japanese strongholds would be targeted one by one and marines would push off of captured islands. |
| Korematsu v. United States - | Supreme Court ruled that internment camps were legal because they were based on 'military necessity.' |
| Satellite Countries - | Eastern European countries that came under control of the Soviet Union after WW2. |
| Iron Curtain - | Coined by Churchill to describe the Soviets drawing a line between the communist countries of eastern Europe and the free countries of western Europe. |
| Containment Policy - | Devised by George F. Kennan, who believed the US needed to implement long term military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to contain the spread of communism. |
| Truman Doctrine - | 1947, Stated that the US would support any democratic nation that was resisting communism. |
| Marshall Plan - | Spent $12 billion for the rebuilding of western Europe after WW2. Produced an economic revival and helped fight off communist influence. |
| Berlin Airlift - | America flew supplies to West Berlin after the Soviet Union and East Germany blocked roads leading to the city. |
| NATO - | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; military alliance between the US and Western European countries formed in April 1949. |
| Warsaw Pact - | Military pact formed in 1955 between the Soviet Union and its satellite countries. |
| HUAC - | House Un-American Activities Committee; 1947, investigated the entertainment industry for communist influences. |
| Blacklist - | Created by HUAC indicating individuals in the entertainment industry who may be communists or have been influenced by communists in the past. Those blacklisted could not find work until the 60s. |
| McCarthyism - | Accusations by Sen. Joseph McCarthy that certain people in govt were secretly communists. These claims were unsubstantial. |
| Domino Theory - | If one country in a region fell to communism, then countries in the region would follow. Justified US involvement in Vietnam. |
| Sputnik - | First artificial satellite launched in 1957 by the Soviet Union. Shocked the American scientific community. |
| Potsdam Conference - | Conference between Truman, Clement Atlee, and Stalin to discuss the future of Eastern Europe. Nazi war leaders were to be tried for war-crimes and Truman announced to Stalin the existence of the atomic bomb. |
| Hydrogen Bomb - | Truman ordered this H-bomb to be developed after the Soviet Union announced their first successful test of the atomic bomb. The H-bomb was much stronger than the atomic bomb. |
| Loyalty Review Board - | Created by Truman. Had the jurisdiction to investigate federal workers for ties to communism. |
| McCarran Internal Security Act - | Enacted in 1950 forcing all communist organizations to register with the government. Members of these organizations were not allowed to work in any job relating to national defense. |
| McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 - | Limited immigration from Asia and Eastern Europe in an effort to stop communism from entering the US. |
| 38th Parallel - | Korea was divided here into North and South Korea. North being communist and South being pro-American. |
| Korean War - | North Korea invaded South and UN forces were sent to stop them. Douglas MacArthur led the troops. Communist China sent aid to the North, forcing MacArthur to retreat. Peace talks restored the boundary to exactly the same place it had already been. |
| Massive Retaliation - | Theory by John Foster Dulles who believed instead of simply containing communism, America should force communism to retreat whenever possible. |
| Battle of Dien Bien Phu - | Vietnamese rebels under Ho Chi Minh overthrew the French. |
| Geneva Accords - | International conference that established a North Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh and a South Vietnam under the Emperor, Bao Dai. |
| Suez Canal Crisis - | In response to US refusal to supply him with arms, Egyptian leader Nasser nationalized the British-owned Suez Canal. Britain and France attacked, but America was able to convince them to retreat for fear of Soviet interference. |
| Eisenhower Doctrine - | American arms would be used in a region to prevent communist agression. |
| Rio Pact of 1947 - | Defensive alliance of most nations of the Western Hemisphere to prevent communist takeovers in Latin America. |
| Brown v. Board of Education - | 1954; Supreme Court decision stating separate but equal was unconstitutional and ordered the desegregation of schools across America. |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott - | 1955; Blacks in Montgomery wanted the local bus company to stop discriminatory seating and hiring policies. This started with Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat to a white man and was later led by Martin Luther King, Jr. |
| Baby Boom - | 1947-1962, many Americans were married and had record amounts of children. |
| The Feminine Mystique - | Written by Betty Friedan describing frustration felt by suburban women in the 50s. |
| Beat Generation - | Literary movement characterized by authors who rejected materialistic culture of the decade. Authors included Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William Burroughs. |
| Levittowns - | Developed by William Levitt, were the first neighborhoods that would eventually be called the suburbs. |
| the Taft–Hartley Act, is a United States federal law that restricts the activities and power of labor unions. It was enacted by the 80th United States Congress over the veto of President Harry S. Truman, becoming law on June 23, 1947. | |
| Fair Deal - | Truman's policy to continue FDR's progressive legislation. He had plans for national heath care, civil rights legislation, the repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, and increased govt spending for public housing and education. |
| New Frontier - | Domestic policies proposed by JFK that included Medicare, aid to education, and urban renewal. |
| Great Society - | Domestic policies proposed by Lyndon Johnson to assist the underprivileged. Included creation of the Department of Housing and Urban Affairs, Head Start, and Medicare. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 - | Civil rights legislation that outlawed racial discrimination in public facilities, employment, and in voter registration. |
| Black Power - | Philosophy of young blacks in the 60s who were impatient with the slow speed of desegregation. They believed blacks should create their own institutions rather than seeking integration into white society. |
| Roe v. Wade - | Supreme Court Case that legalized abortion with some restrictions. |
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - | Congressional resolution passed following reports of North Vietnamese violence on US ships. It gave the president power to fight the Vietnam War without congressional approval. |
| Students for a Democratic Society - | Radical, activist student organization that advocated a democratic, participatory society. They were major opponents of the Vietnam War. |
| Counterculture - | Movement by young people in the 60s who rejected political involvement and emphasized the need for personal revolution. |
| Kent State University - | Ohio Campus where four students protesting US involvement in Cambodia were shot and killed by National Guardsmen. |
| Warren Commission - | Appointed to investigate Kennedy's assassination. They concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone. |
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