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8th Grade SS Final
Review Cards
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Plessy vs. Ferguson | Codified segregation as law in the United States and came up with the idea “Separate but equal”. “Separate but equal” denies equal opportunities. |
| Segregation | the enforced separation of different racial groups |
| Jim Crow Laws | The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. |
| 13th Amendments | ended slavery |
| 14th Amendments | granted citizenship to all people regardless of race |
| 15th Amendments | granted voting rights to all men |
| Homestead Act | The Homestead Act offered farmers 160 acres of public land in the West for free. All the farmer, or homesteader, had to do was clear the land and farm it for five years, after which the homesteader received ownership of the land. |
| Homestead Act | *Encouraged movement west and growth of the western United States |
| Manifest Destiny | the idea that the United States is destined—by God —to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continent |
| Transcontinental Railroad | Railroad going from the east coast to the west coast. It encouraged settlement west of the Mississippi River |
| Assembly Line/Mass Production | The Assembly Line allowed for Mass Production- Creating a lot of products very fast. Once businesses adopted the assembly line they were able to produce more goods and grew. Mass production makes the price of goods go down |
| Henry Ford | Created the assembly line- used in his automobile factories Led to mass production and availability of automobiles to many people at a price that the masses could afford |
| Monopolies | Monopolies- When one company owns all of that kind of business and can control the prices |
| Trust | When a group of companies agree to stop competing with each other to help control the prices they charge. (Just like a monopoly) |
| Monopolies/Trusts | NOT ALL MONOPOLIES/TRUST ARE BAD BUT ALL SHOULD BE REGULATE |
| Urbanization | growth of cities |
| Urbanization | The increase in the number of people living in cities and towns Increases in immigration led to the growth of cities….more people came for jobs, lived and worked in cities. Immigrant labor build the cities (tenements) |
| Push Factors | Poverty (poor) Famine (potato famine in Ireland) Religious and national persecution Limited land and farming holdings Limited job opportunities Lack of social mobility War |
| Pull Factors | Political and religious freedom Capitalism Growth of industry Job opportunities Industry advertised in Europe. Educational opportunities. Word spread: recruitment Letters from relatives Industry advertised Homestead Act |
| Nativism | Those who believe that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners and that immigration should be restricted. |
| Teddy Roosevelt | Teddy Roosevelt Broke trusts/ monopolies (Sherman Antitrust Act) (believe there was a difference between good and bad monopolies) Amendments National Parks Department of Commerce and Labor Interstate Commerce Act Pure Food and Drug Act |
| Trust Busting | An attempt to prevent or eliminate monopolies and corporate trusts- Teddy Roosevelt- Sherman Antitrust Act |
| Muckrakers | Investigative journalists whose work is designed to expose problems, stir the public, and bring about reforms |
| Upton Sinclair | (meat packing industry)- Wrote “The Jungle” |
| Lewis Hine | Child Labour |
| Jacob Riis | (urban poor/tenement housing)- Wrote “How the Other Half Lives” |
| Ida Tarbell | standard oil monopoly) wrote History of Standard Oil |
| Lincoln Steffen | (political corruption) |
| Reforms | To make changes in order to improve something |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | Made it illegal to sell food that was mislabeled. Direct result of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle |
| Meat Inspection Act | required meat packers to allow federal inspectors to inspect processing plant conditions |
| National Conservation Commission | established by Roosevelt to conserve resources and establish national parks. |
| 18th Amendment | “Prohibition” –Prohibited the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcoholic beverages |
| 19th Amendment | Gave women the right to vote |
| Suffrage | The right to vote (Women’s right to vote came in with the 19th amendment) |
| Isolationism | national policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements with other countries. Isolation and neutrality and basically the same. |
| Imperialism | the opposite of isolation. Imperialism is building and empire by taking economic/political control over a country or territory |
| Spanish American War | Treaty of Paris, 1899 Spain must give up all claims to cuba; the United States will maintain peace and protect life and property on the island. |
| Spanish American War | Treaty of Paris, 1899 cont. Spain must give the United States control of Puerto Rico and Guam. Spain will sell the Philippine Islands to the United States for $20 million. |
| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare | German U boats sinking ships- Lusitania- A British cruise ship sunk by German U-Boats in the Atlantic Ocean. Was secretly carrying military munitions. Killed 128 Americans. Was one of the reasons America broke its neutral policy and joined the war. |
| Zimmerman Telegram | Telegram sent from Germany to Mexico asking them to join the Central powers. Promising them the return of the land taken from them in the Mexican-American War (California, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada) |
| Zimmerman Telegram -cont | Britain intercepted this telegram and it was one of the reasons the U.S. joined the war. Mexico DID NOT join the war. |
| MANIA (Causes of WWI) | Militarism: The belief of having a strong military and being prepared to use it. Alliances: Unknown alliances (loyalty/friendship) agreed upon throughout history. |
| MANIA (Causes of WWI) | Imperialism: The policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Nationalism: (Patriotism) The love and support of one’s country. Assassination- Assassination of ArchDuke Franz Ferdinand |
| Prohibition | Banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol. - This was not a popular decision with the American people. 18th amendment |
| Harlem Renaissance | An African-American cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s, centered in Harlem, that celebrated black traditions, the black voice, and black ways of life. At this time arts, music, and literature flourished. |
| Herbert Hoover | Americans disliked President Hoover because his actions did not do enough to help the American people. He believed the government should have a limited role during the Great Depression |
| Herbert Hoover | In the Election of 1932 Americans believed that a change of leadership was needed to end the Great Depression |
| Franklin Roosevelt | Roosevelt believed that the depression required strong action and leadership by the federal government. He came up with The New Deal. He believed in banking reform laws, emergency relief programs, work relief programs, and agricultural programs. |
| Franklin Roosevelt | WWII- Day of Infamy speech when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor |
| Causes of the Great Depression | Overproduction of goods. Excessive use of credit Buying on Margin Stock Market Crash |
| Causes of World War 2 | Treaty of Versaille from WWI Worldwide Depression Failures of appeasement Failure of League of Nations Militarism of Germany and Japan |
| Pearl Harbor | Pearl Harbor attack, (December 7, 1941), surprise aerial attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii by the Japanese. This caused the entry of the United States into World War II. |
| War on the Homefront | Women joined the workforce in factories and shipyards to help with productions Victory Gardens Victory Bonds Rations |
| Manhattan Project | a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. |
| Harry Truman | Truman dropped the Atom Bomb to save American lives and to shorten the war. |
| Japanese Internment | the forced relocation by the U.S. government of thousands of Japanese Americans to detention camps during World War II, beginning in 1942 This happened due to Pearl Harbor |
| Korematsu vs. the United States | Supreme Court case that declared the internment camps to be legal during wartime. Korematsu lost this case. |
| Space Race | a competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union. Soviet Union launched the satellite Sputnik, which caused increased spending for the United States space program. |
| Containment | Not allowing communism to spread-the US was committed to “containing” communism around the world. They fear communist leaders and countries gaining too much power |
| Domino Theory | Policy that suggested a communist government in one nation would quickly lead to communist takeovers in neighboring states, each falling like a perfectly aligned row of dominos. |
| Berlin Airlift | The Berlin airlift was a 1940s military operation that supplied West Berlin with food and other necessities by air after the Soviet Union blockaded the city. The operation lasted from June 1948 until September 1949. |
| Korean War | The Korean War was an important development in the Cold War because it was the first time that the two superpowers , the United States and the Soviet Union, had fought a 'proxy war ' in a third country. |
| Korean War | The Soviet Union supported North Korea and the spread of Communism and the United States supported South Korea to stop the spread of communism |
| Bay of Pigs | U.S. plan to support anti-Castro Cubans that fled Cuba. The goal was to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. This plan failed and led Cuba to seek protection from the Soviet Union. (JFK is president) |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | the Soviet Union install nuclear missiles in Cuba. After many secret negotiations, the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles. showed extreme cold war tensions USSR and US. Brought the conflict very close the US-Cuba is 90 miles off the coast of FL |
| Vietnam War | the United States and the Soviet Union, had fought a 'proxy war ' in a third country. The Soviet Union supported North Vietnam and the spread of Communism and the United States supported South Vietnam to stop the spread of communism |
| Nuclear Arms Race | A competition to develop and manufacture more and more powerful weapons The Soviets and the US felt they needed to keep up with one another and not be at a disadvantage or in a position of weakness. |
| Nuclear Arms Race | Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of 'Glasnost' (openness) and 'Perestroika (restructuring) brought us closer to the end of the Cold War. This happened when Ronald Reagan was president and was working to end the Cold War |
| Martin Luther King Jr | Civil rights activist and leader of the boycott that got arrested for it and used Nonviolence and Civil Disobedience to stop segregation on buses and public transportation with peace. |
| Malcolm X | a radical leader of black nationalism who espoused violence to gain black rights. |
| Brown vs. the Board of Education | Supreme court which overturned Plessy V. Ferguson and segregation. Declared separate but equal to be unconstitutional |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | It outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting. |
Created by:
jgeekie
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