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Final Exam review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Berlin Blockade (20th century, late) | (1948–1949) Soviet attempt to block Allied access to West Berlin; led to the U.S.-led Berlin Airlift and intensified Cold War tensions. |
| Quantum Theory (20th century, early) | Early 1900s revolution in physics explaining energy and matter at atomic/subatomic levels; changed scientific understanding profoundly. |
| Voltaire (20th century, early) | French Enlightenment writer and philosopher (1694–1778) known for advocating freedoms and criticizing monarchy and religion. |
| Enabling Acts (20th century, early) | (1933) German laws that gave Hitler dictatorial powers, enabling the Nazi rise to totalitarian rule. |
| Sigmund Freud (19th–20th centuries, late 19th to early 20th) | Austrian neurologist (1856–1939) who founded psychoanalysis and revolutionized views on human psychology. |
| Cottage Industry (18th–19th centuries, early-mid) | Pre-Industrial Revolution system where goods were made by hand at home, supporting household incomes. |
| Self-Determination (20th century, early-mid) | Principle that peoples have the right to choose their own sovereignty; crucial after WWI and during decolonization. |
| Congress of Vienna (19th century, early) | (1814–1815) Conference to restore monarchies and balance of power in Europe after Napoleon's defeat |
| Mohandas Gandhi (20th century, early-mid) | Leader of India's nonviolent struggle for independence from Britain; promoted civil disobedience. |
| Otto von Bismarck (19th century, mid-late) | Prussian chancellor who unified Germany (1871) using diplomacy and wars; practiced realpolitik. |
| Suleiman the Magnificent (16th century, early-mid) | Ottoman Sultan (r. 1520–1566); expanded empire to its peak and reformed laws. |
| D-Day (20th century, mid) | June 6, 1944 Allied invasion of Normandy, France, during WWII; major turning point against Nazi Germany. |
| Glasnost (20th century, late) | 1980s Soviet policy of government openness and transparency under Mikhail Gorbachev. |
| Deism ( late 17th to mid-18th) | Enlightenment-era belief in a non-intervening Creator; emphasized reason and observation over revealed religion. |
| Bretton Woods (20th century, mid) | 1944 conference creating a post-WWII economic order (IMF, World Bank, fixed currency exchange rates). |
| Scramble for Africa (19th century, late) | European colonization of Africa during the late 1800s, formalized at the Berlin Conference (1884–1885). |
| Thirty Years’ War (17th century, early-mid) | (1618–1648) Devastating religious and political war in Central Europe, ending with the Peace of Westphalia. |
| Dawes Plan (20th century, early) | (1924) U.S.-designed plan to help Germany pay WWI reparations and stabilize its economy. |
| Auschwitz (20th century, mid) | Nazi concentration and extermination camp where over 1 million were killed during WWII. |
| Mercantilism (16th–18th centuries, early-mid) | Economic theory promoting government-regulated trade to maximize a nation's wealth and power. |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (20th century, early) | (1918) Treaty that ended Russia’s participation in WWI, granting major territories to Germany. |
| Isabella Beeton (19th century, mid) | British author (1836–1865) who wrote Mrs. Beeton’s Book of Household Management, a key guide for Victorian domestic life. |
| Karl Marx (19th century, mid) | Philosopher and economist who co-authored The Communist Manifesto and founded Marxist socialism. |
| Keynesian Economics (20th century, mid) | Theory advocating government spending to stimulate demand and pull economies out of recessions, especially after the Great Depression. |
| Estates General (18th century, late) | French representative assembly of the three estates; its 1789 meeting helped spark the French Revolution. |
| Maxim Gun (19th century, late) | (1884) First fully automatic machine gun; revolutionized warfare and imperial conquest. |
| Edmund Burke (18th century, mid-late) | Anglo-Irish politician and writer who criticized the French Revolution and helped shape modern conservative thought. |
| Pablo Picasso (20th century, early-mid) | Spanish painter and sculptor (1881–1973), a founder of Cubism and one of the most influential artists of modern times. |
| Jean-Paul Sartre (20th century, mid) | French philosopher (1905–1980) who developed existentialism, stressing human freedom and responsibility. |
| Napoleonic Code (19th century, early) | 1804 French civil code established by Napoleon, promoting legal equality and property rights; influenced many global legal systems. |
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