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Final Exam 5/13/2025
Final Exam Study Stack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Branch of Government that carries out the Law; Led by the President | Executive Branch |
| Branch of Government that Interprets the Law; Led by the Supreme Court | Judicial Branch |
| Branch of Government that makes the Law; Led by the Congress | Legislative Branch |
| First U.S. government; it was eventually a failure because it created a national government that was too weak | Articles of Confederation (1781-1789) |
| These Included a weak national Government, no ability to raise an army, and the lack of power to tax | Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation |
| Gathering in Philadelphia to "fix" the Articles of Confederation | Constitutional Convention |
| First 10 Amendments written by James Madison | Bill of Rights |
| This safeguards the U.S. government by preventing one branch from having too much power | Separation of powers |
| Shared power between state & national governments | Federalism |
| Agreement reached during the constitutional convention that blended the VA and NJ Plans to determine representation in Congress. creating the American system of government | The Great Compromise |
| Founding Father; Second President | John Adams |
| Founding Father; Author of the Declaration; Third President | Thomas Jefferson |
| Founding Father; Fifth President; "Era of Good Feelings" | James Monroe |
| Revolutionary General; First President | George Washington |
| Part of Congress made up of two members from each state (currently 100 total) | Senate |
| Territory received from Spain by a treaty | Florida (Adams-Onis Treaty) |
| Purchased by the US from France | Louisiana Territory |
| Part of Congress made up of with members decided by state population (currently 435 members) | The House of Representatives |
| The first permanent English settlement in North America (1607), was an economic venture by the Virginia Company | Jamestown Settlement |
| Settled by separatists from the Church of England who wanted to avoid religious persecution | Plymouth Colony |
| Founding Father; Wrote the Albany plan of Union; helped gain French support for American independence | Benjamin Franklin |
| Patriot who made a daring ride to warn colonists of British arrival | Paul Revere |
| Colonists in Massachusetts were shot after taunting British soldiers | Boston Massacre |
| The Sons of Liberty protested taxes with this night raid in Boston | Boston Tea Party |
| The first armed conflicts of the Revolutionary War | Battles at Lexington and Concord |
| This American victory was a turning point in the war | Battle of Saratoga |
| Colonial victory over forces of Lord Cornwallis that marked the end of the Revolutionary War | Surrender at Yorktown |
| People in each state would decide the slavery issue (“popular sovereignty”) | Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) |
| Missouri entered the Union as a slave state; Maine entered the Union as a free state | Missouri Compromise (1820) |
| Opposed the spread of slavery and Issued the Emancipation Proclamation | Abraham Lincoln |
| General of the Union army; 18th President | Ulysses S. Grant |
| Leader of the Army of Northern Virginia | Robert E. Lee |
| Made “freeing the slaves” the new focus of the Civil war | The Emancipation Proclamation |
| The turning point of the war; the North repelled Lee’s invasion | The Battle of Gettysburg |
| Provide a written guarantee of individual rights (e.g., freedom of speech, freedom of religion). | The Bill of Rights |
| A warning to European nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere | Monroe Doctrine |
| Most individuals settling in Virginia were seeking... | Economic opportunities |
| Which colony did the Virginia Company of London establish in 1607? | Jamestown |
| The primary pull factors for European colonization in North America | Religious freedom and economic opportunities |
| Why was slavery most predominant in the Southern colonies? | Large-scale agriculture required extensive labor |
| In an attempt to prevent conflict between the colonists and the Indians, Britain this act to prohibit settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains | The Proclamation of 1763 |
| "self-evident" truths of the Declaration of Independence | Equality, Unalienable Rights |
| According to John Locke, if a government failed to fulfill its social contract, citizens could... | Alter or abolish (overthrow) the government and replace it with a new one |
| The "Father of the Constitution"; fourth President; led the U.S. into the War of 1812 | James Madison |
| California would enter as a free state. Slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico territories. | Compromise of 1850 |
| This allows the Branches of the U.S. Government to watch over each other | Checks and Balances |
| Period from 1865-1878 that saw the re-admittance of Confederate States into the Union, but failed to rid the South of racist policies | Reconstruction |
| Document signed by Pilgrims that agreed to create a new government and follow its laws; helped establish the idea of self-government | Mayflower Compact (1620) |
| Written by Thomas Jefferson; announced the separation of the colonies from England | Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776) |
| Blueprint for the American government; replaced the Articles of Confederation | Constitution (1787) |
| Famous speech given by Abraham Lincoln; it said that the Union was fighting to preserve Liberty and Equality | Gettysburg Address (1863) |
| Movement to end slavery | Abolition |
| The process of changing the Constitution | Amend |
| 1815 plan to make U.S. economically self-sufficient | American System |
| People who opposed ratification of the Constitution | Anti-Federalist |
| Distribution of power between the 3 branches of government | Balance of power |
| Ended the South’s hopes of winning a battle in the North | Battle of Gettysburg (1863) |
| Conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery people | Bleeding Kansas |
| Refusal to buy certain goods | Boycott |
| Migration of people to the area after gold was discovered | California Gold Rush |
| Southern states who seceded | Confederacy |
| Political party formed by Jefferson and Madison | Democratic-Republicans |
| Ideas that states had the right to reject any law passed Congress | Doctrine of nullification |
| Everyone is entitled to be treated equally by law | Due process of law |
| A group of voters chosen be each state to elect the President | Electoral college |
| Ban on trade; prevents ships from entering or leaving ports | Embargo |
| Federal agency set up to help former slaves in the south | Freedman’s Bureau |
| War between France and England for control of North America | French and Indian War (1754-1763) |
| Someone who agreed to work for an employer in exchange for passage to the New World | Indentured servant |
| Andrew Jacksons belief that as many people as possible should be able to vote | Jacksonian Democracy |
| The idea that the Supreme Court has the right to check all laws made by Congress | Judicial Review |
| Everyone, even elected officials, must obey the laws | Limited Government |
| Idea that Americans had a right to all of the land between the east and west coasts | Manifest Destiny |
| Idea American culture is a blend of many different cultures | Melting Pot |
| Economic system in which England controlled the trade of the countries | Mercantilism |
| Journey of captured Africans to the New World to be sold as slaves | Middle passage |
| Armed civilians who are supposed to defend their communities | Militia |
| To not become allies with any country | Neutral |
| Someone who supported the American Revolution | Patriot |
| Wanted to use the federal government to impose a new order on the South and wanted to grant citizenship rights to former slaves | Radical Republicans |
| The process of approving the Constitution | Ratification |
| Process of re-admitting southern states into the Union and giving rights to freed slaves | Reconstruction |
| System of government in which officials are elected to serve the interests of the voters | Representative Government |
| The idea of a limited, representative government based on the consent of the governed | Republicanism |
| Withdrawal of southern states from the Union | Secession |
| Tension between North and South as each region placed their own interests above those of the country as a whole | Sectionalism |
| 1848 women’s rights meeting | Seneca Falls Convention |
| Uprising of farmers in response to the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation | Shays’ Rebellion (1787) |
| A person owned by another person in order to control their labor | Slavery |
| Idea that the power of the states should not be trampled on by the national government | States’ Rights |
| The right to vote | Suffrage |
| A tax on imports | Tariff |
| 1828 tax that made Southerners angry and led to the Nullification Crisis | Tariff of Abominations |
| Agreement at the constitutional convention for counting slaves towards representation | Three-Fifths Compromise |
| Enforced journey of Native Americans from their lands in the east to the west | Trail of Tears (1838-1839) |
| System of trade in which goods were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the New World colonies | Triangular Trade Route |
| Right that the government cannot take away | Unalienable |
| Law that is forbidden by the Constitution | Unconstitutional |
| Series of escape routes for run away slaves | Underground Railroad |
| First representative government in the colonies (Virginia) | House of Burgesses (1619) |
| The people have the power to participate in and direct their government | Popular Sovereignty |
| He was a leading voice in American politics from 1810-1850, drafting the several compromises | Henry Clay |
| Republican President elected in 1920 who promised a "return to normalcy" | Warren G Harding |
| Became President in 1924; oversaw the economic boom of the 1920s | Calvin Coolidge |
| An economic and political system in which the state owns the means of production and a single party rules | Communism |
| 2 Italian immigrants charged with robbing and murdering 2 payroll employees in Manhattan; Became the face of the "Red Scare" | Sacco and Vanzetti |
| A total ban on alcoholic drinks | Prohibition |
| Liquor smugglers made huge profits from importing illegal alcohol | Bootleggers |
| Illegal bars and clubs that served alcohol | Speakeasies |
| Young women in 1920s with bright make up, short skirts and short bob cut hair | Flappers |
| White supremacists who terrorized Blacks in the US | Ku Klux Klan |
| The relationship that developed between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the period of time following WWII | Cold War |
| To set apart from the rest; to isolate based on racial, gender or religious lines | Segregate / Segregation |
| 25th president; declared war on Spain in 1898 | William McKinley |
| Fought in the Spanish American war as the leader of the Rough Riders; 26th president of the U.S | Theodore Roosevelt |
| Battleship sent to Cuba to protect American citizens and property; exploded in Havana Harbort | USS Maine |
| The main island on which most fighting in the Spanish American War took place | Cuba |
| An intense effort to spread a certain set of ideas, beliefs, or doctrines that will help one's own cause | Propaganda |
| Cavalry that fought in the Battle for Santiago ( San Juan Hill) led by Theodore Roosevelt | Rough Riders |
| Sensational style of reporting used by some newspapers to make a bigger profit (Pultizer and Hearts) in the late 1800s | Yellow Journalism |
| Allied military commander in WW2 | Dwight Eisenhower |
| Imaginary female person that represented all women who went to work in the factories during WW2 | Rosie the Riveter |
| Message sent to Mexico by Germany trying to get them to join them in WW1 | Zimmerman Telegram |
| Economic disaster in the US and worldwide from 1929-1940 | Great Depression |
| Franklin Roosevelt's economic plan in the 1930s | The New Deal |
| U.S. reason for entering WW2 | Pearl Harbor |
| This Ocean Liner was torpedoed by German U-Boats in 1915 | Lusitania |
| Laws passed to make sure that England controlled American trade according to the idea of mercantilism | Navigation Acts |
| Fees placed on sugar imported into the colonies | Sugar Act |
| Required colonist to feed and shelter British troops | Quartering Act |
| All official documents had to carry an official seal | Stamp Act |
| Four laws that charged new fees on goods imported into the colonies | Townshend Acts |
| Charged a fee on all tea imported into the colonies | Tea Act |
| Four laws passed to punish colonist for the Boston Tea Party including closing of the port of Boston | Intolerable Acts |
| The name for journalists who exposed poor living and working conditions in the United States | Muckrakers |
| The Virginian House of Burgesses (1619) was the first type of what style of government in the colonies? | Representative |
| 11th President; responsible for most of the land gained from 1845-1849 | James K. Polk |
| The years 1890-1920 saw a movement to reform the problems in US society. This was known as the... | Progressive Era |
| These laws restricted the rights of African Americans in the South after the Civil War | Jim Crow |
| What was the name of Upton Sinclair's book exposing the poor conditions in the meat packing industry | The Jungle |
| Plessy v. Ferguson made segregation legal as long as facilities and resources were... | Separate but Equal |
| Territories acquired from Mexico (Mexican-American War) between 1845-1849 | Texas, California, New Mexico, Arizona |
| Northwest territory gained in a treaty with Great Britain | Oregon |
| France sold land to the U.S. for 15 million dollars, doubling the size of the nation. | The Louisiana Purchase |
| A key cause of the War of 1812; British captured American sailors and forced them into service | Impressment |
| Pro-war members of Congress who pushed for the War of 1812 | War Hawks |
| A key cause of the War of 1812; the U.S. accused the British of giving weapons to what group? | Native Americans on the frontier |
| Andrew Jackson gained fame in this final battle of the War of 1812 | New Orleans |
| Some important results of the War of 1812 | Westward Expansion; the American System |
| Major setback for the U.S. in the War of 1812 | Burning of Washington D.C. |
| At Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key wrote what song? | The Star Spangled Banner |
| Radical group that used terrorist tactics, boycotts, effigies to protest British taxes | The Sons of Liberty |
| Six major terms used in this course for people participating in government | Popular Sovereignty, Consent of the Governed; Social Contract; Compact; Self-Determination; Civil Body Politic |
| Amendment abolishing slavery | 13th |
| Amendment granting citizenship to former slaves | 14th |
| Amendment granting all citizens "due process" | 14th |
| Amendment granting voting rights to Black men | 15th |
| Amendment granting voting rights to women | 19th |
| Supreme Court Case that upheld slaves as property | Dred Scott |
| Why should we be careful about judging historical figures unfairly? | They were people of the times they lived in and cannot be expected to have lived according to the standards of our time |
| Original reason for slavery in the colonies | economic need |
| Jamestown leader who said, "You don't work, you don't eat" | John Smith |
| Powhatan girl who saved John Smith's life; married John Rolfe | Pocahontas |
| Jamestown leader who saved the colony with tobacco; married Pocahontas | John Rolfe |
| Chateau Thierry; Belleau Wood; Meuse-Argonne campaign | Major U.S. Battles in WWI |
| Ceasefire that ended WWI | Armistace |
| Treaty that ended WWI but was unfair to Germany | Treaty of Versailles |
| Woodrow Wilson's plan for the post WWI world | The Fourteen Points |
| Organization Woodrow Wilson hoped would end wars; U.S. did not join | The League of Nations |
| Franklin Roosevelt's plans to help the Allies with materials and money | Cash and Carry; Lend-Lease |
| Roosevelt's speech that outlined his desire for American values for all people | "Four Freedoms" |
| What event helped lift the U.S. out of the Great Depression? | World War 2 |
| Organization established after WWII to protect peace in the world | The United Nations |
| 35th President; Youngest to be elected; guided U.S. through the Cuban Missile Crisis; assassinated in 1963 | John F. Kennedy |
| 36th President; oversaw massive U.S. involvement in Vietnam | Lyndon B. Johnson |
| "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" | Battle of Bunker Hill |
| The part of the US Constitution that begins: "We the People" | The Preamble |
| Conflict between United Nations forces and Chinese supported Communist troops from 1950-1953 | The Korean War |
| 34th President; former supreme commander in WW2 | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| 33rd President; responsible for ordering the use of the Atomic Bomb at the end of WW2 | Harry S. Truman |
| President who warned against political parties and involvement with European problems | George Washington |
| Led a violent slave rebellion in the 1830s | Nat Turner |
| A violent White Abolitionist who was part of "Bleeding Kansas" and led a raid in Virginia | John Brown |
| 18th President; committed to Reconstruction and equal rights for Blacks in the South | Ulysses S. Grant |
| 17th President; opposed equal rights for Blacks; first president to face impeachment | Andrew Johnson |
| 7th President; notable for the "spoils system", expanding democracy and and opposing "nullification" | Andrew Jackson |
| 26th President; Three C' of progressive reforms: Corporations-Consumers-Conservation | Theodore Roosevelt |
| What year did the U.S. join WWI? | 1917 |
| What year did the U.S. join WWII? | 1941 |
| Turinng point of WWII; Invasion of France at Normandy | D-Day |
| What did the Treaty of Versailles make Germany do? | Take blame for WWI, give up land and territories, limit military (armed forces), and pay reparations |
| What was the direct cause of WWII? | Germany's invasion of Poland |
| Who was dictator of Germany during WWII? | Adolf Hitler |
| Who was the Italian dictator during WWII? | Benito Mussolini |
| Who was the military dictator of Japan during WWII? | Hideki Tojo |
| Germany, Italy, and Japan were known as the... | Axis Powers |
| England, France, Soviet Union, and later the United States were known as the... | Allied Powers/Allies |
| Who was the President of the United States during WWII? | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Who was the dictator of the Soviet Union during WWII? | Joseph Stalin |
| Why did the United States enter WWII? | U.S. entered WWII whenJapan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7,1941 |
| Who were the primary victims of the Holocaust? | Jews |
| Hatred of Jews is known as... | Anti-Semitism |
| Blitzkrieg means ... | "lightning war" |
| Characterized by extreme nationalism, imperialism, racism, and suppression on opposition through terror and censorship; ruled by a dictator | Fascism |
| Giving in to the demands of an aggressor in order to keep the peace | Appeasement |
| What cities were destroyed by the Atomic Bomb? | Hiroshima & Nagasaki |
| Operation Torch, Husky, Avalanche, Overlord, D-Day, The Bulge | Major U.S. Operations/Battles in WWII in Europe |
| Midway, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa | Major U.S. Battles in WWII in the Pacific |
| Winston Churchill used this term for the Communist takeover of Eastern Europe after WWII | The "Iron Curtain" |
| The Communists blockaded (1848-1949) and then divided this city with a wall (1961-1989) | Berlin |
| In 1961 the USSR sent missiles to this nation, creating a crisis that almost led to war with the U.S. | Cuba |
| U.S. Pacific Strategy in WW2 | Island Hopping |
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