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APUSH Period 2

A.P. US History Period 2 Review

QuestionAnswer
Specialized Colonies Region-specific characteristics of colonies.
Natives/Slave Relations Increased contact with severe effects on culture and economic characteristics.
Exploration Era Period mainly characterized by Spain, France, and Great Britain exploring new territories.
Spain's Purpose in Exploration Gold and silver mining in Latin America and South America.
France's Purpose in Exploration Fur trade and alliance with Natives in regions west of what would later become the U.S.
Great Britain's Purpose in Exploration Establishment of agricultural colonies on the east side of what would later be U.S. territory.
Social Structure in Spain and France Fluid due to intermarriage, leading to diverse social categories like Creoles and mulattoes.
Social Structure in Great Britain Rigid due to family migrations, resulting in rare intermarriage with indigenous people.
Cultural Blending Mixing of Natives' voodoo religion with Christianity and mixed languages.
Conflicts with Natives Resulted from land encroachment by colonizers.
New England Colonies Characterized by smaller farms that grew grain crops, not labor intensive.
Southern Colonies Characterized by large farms growing labor-intensive crops like tobacco, indigo, and rice using slaves.
Columbian Exchange Transfer of animals, plants, and slaves across the Atlantic region.
Jamestown First English settlement in the Americas, established for gold mining.
Captain John Smith Fostered relations with Natives who taught colonists to plant crops, saving them from starvation.
Plymouth Settlement started by Puritans who wanted to purify the Anglican church.
Bacon's Rebellion 1676 rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon due to dissatisfaction among newly freed indentured servants.
Stono Rebellion 1739 uprising led by escaped slaves who attempted to escape to Spain's Florida territory.
First Great Awakening Religious revival inspired by Europe's Enlightenment, leading to a burst of Protestant denominations.
Negative Sentiment Towards Clergy Discontent with corrupt political religious leaders, especially in Puritan communities.
Calvinist Predestination Belief that God decides who will be saved before birth, contrasting with the idea that all people can be saved.
Native Americans Constant conflict due to land encroachment, broken treaties.
Bacon's Rebellion Farmers need a new form of labor that they can trust; indentured servants often avoided jobs in the South, going to Northern areas.
Stono Rebellion Further strengthened restrictions on the lives of free and enslaved African Americans, enforcing the idea of their sub-human existence.
Birth of Chattel Slavery Much cheaper than slave trade/purchase; became much more popular.
Growing Cash Crop Economy The growth of Southern dependence on cash crops (tobacco) → increased demand for slaves.
New England Colonies Northern most, such as the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Bread-Basket Colonies Middle Colonies, such as Pennsylvania and NJ.
Chesapeake Region Maryland, Virginia, etc.
Southern Colonies Georgia, the Carolinas, etc.
Encomienda System Essentially another form of slavery; used on Native American laborers.
Headright System A landowner gets land for every 'head' he pays to travel to the New World.
Indentured Servitude Done with the citizens of Great Britain, especially for those who could not pay their trip over to the New World.
Chattel Slavery A child born from an enslaved mother is enslaved by the same matter once he/she is born.
Kinship Ties A sort of family connection between slaves, which rose as a result to families being separated during auctions.
Mercantilism Economic concept in which a 'mother country' creates colonies with the purpose of obtaining raw materials from such colonies for the mother country's benefit.
Salutary Neglect A period of relative colonial autonomy; not much control from Great Britain over colonial affairs.
Navigation Acts Acts passed by Parliament to regulate colonial trade, restricting colonial exports to only Great Britain.
AP U.S. History Period 2 The second period covered on the AP U.S. history exam took place between the years 1607-1754 and is referred to as 'Patterns of Empire and Resistance.'
European empires In the seventeenth century, several European empires competed for control of North America, including the Spanish, French, Dutch, and British.
Colonial powers These colonial powers had various priorities and goals as they sought to exert control over different parts of North America.
Distinct colonial societies Out of conflicts between European powers and American Indians, native societies experienced dramatic changes and distinctive colonial societies emerged.
Four regions of British North America The characteristics of the four regions—the New England colonies, the middle colonies, the Chesapeake colonies, and the lower South and West Indian colonies—were shaped by each region's particular geographic and environmental features.
Atlantic economy The late 1600s and 1700s witnessed the growth of an Atlantic economy characterized by an increased exchange of goods.
Colonial economies Colonial economies focused on selling commodities to Europe and gaining new sources of labor.
Conflict in colonial North America In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, conflict intensified in North America between rival European empires and between North American colonists and American Indians.
Competition over resources A major source of conflict in colonial North America was competition over resources—notably land and furs.
Slavery in British North America Slavery developed in British North America in response to the economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the colonies.
First Africans in Virginia In 1619, twenty Africans arrived in Virginia, probably as slaves, marking the beginning of slavery in the region.
Economic centrality of slavery Slavery did not become central to the southern economy until later in the seventeenth century.
Political, cultural, and economic exchanges Great Britain and its thirteen North American colonies participated in exchanges that led to stronger bonds and reshaped the worldviews of British colonists.
Divergence of priorities Ultimately, the priorities and interests of the thirteen colonies diverged from those of Great Britain, leading to tensions and resistance.
Encomienda System The basis of Spain's New World empire was the exploitation of the labor of native peoples, and by 1550, Spain abandoned the encomienda system.
Exploitation of labor Under the encomienda system, initial Spanish settlers in the Americas were granted the right to extract labor from local inhabitants, leading to harsh treatment of Indians.
Repartimiento System The Spanish government replaced the encomienda system with the repartimiento system—banning outright Indian slavery and mandating that Indian laborers be paid wages.
Viceroyalty of New Spain The northern portion of Spain's New World empire with headquarters in Mexico City.
Viceroyalty of Peru The southern portion of Spain's New World empire, consisting of Spanish holdings in South America and headquartered in Lima.
Port Royal The first permanent French settlements were Port Royal (1605), in what would later become Nova Scotia, and Quebec (1608), founded by Samuel de Champlain.
Métis The children of intermarriages with American Indians in French colonies, known as Métis—an old French word for 'mixed' or 'mixed-blood'.
The Treaty of Breda In the seventeenth century, the Dutch obtained control of the colony of Surinam, which was formally transferred to the Dutch as part of the Treaty of Breda, following the Second Anglo-Dutch War, 1665-1667.
New Amsterdam The administrative seat, and most important settlement of New Netherland, established in 1624 on what is now Governor's Island, in New York Harbor.
King Charles II of England Sent a fleet of warships to New Amsterdam, leading to the surrender of Stuyvesant in 1664 without a fight.
James, the Duke of York Charles II granted the colony of New Amsterdam to his brother James, who renamed it New York.
Joint-stock Companies Entrepreneurs established joint-stock companies, laying claim to exclusive trading rights in different regions, guided by mercantilist principles.
Jamestown The first settlers to Jamestown arrived in 1607, funded by the Virginia Company, which was chartered by King James I.
Powhatan The local Algonquian-speaking people, led by their chief, who traded corn with the Jamestown settlers.
Tobacco The successful cultivation of tobacco began in Virginia, with first shipments sent to England in 1617, becoming hugely profitable for the Chesapeake Bay region.
Head-right A method used by leaders of the Chesapeake colonies to entice new immigrants to come to the region with the offer of 50 acres upon arrival.
Indentured Servitude A system employed by wealthy Virginians to bring lower-class agrarian workers to America.
Indentured Servant A potential immigrant in England who agrees to work for a certain number of years in America (usually four to seven) in exchange for free passage.
Slavery The system where enslaved Africans were brought to Virginia in 1619, which developed gradually and grew dramatically later in the century.
Puritanism A religious movement with roots in the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century, initiated by figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin.
Calvinism A doctrine that taught individual salvation is subject to a divine plan, rather than to the actions of individuals.
Pilgrims A group of separatists who fled England in 1608 to find a more hospitable religious climate in the Netherlands.
Mayflower The ship that carried slightly over a hundred separatists to Cape Cod in 1620.
Mayflower Compact An agreement signed by the Pilgrims calling for orderly government based on the consent of the governed.
Massachusetts Bay Company A company granted a charter by King Charles I in 1629 to establish a colony in northern British North America, allowing high autonomy.
Salem Witch Trials The 1692 trials in Massachusetts that demonstrated division in the Puritan community, with over a hundred members accused of witchcraft.
Quakerism A religious movement that developed in seventeenth-century England, characterized by non-hierarchical beliefs and the view of equality among individuals.
Transatlantic Trade A complex trading network developed in the 1700s that included the exchange of goods between England, Africa, and the Americas.
Triangle Trade A trading network that brought manufactured items from England to Africa and the Americas, involving the sale of kidnapped Africans.
The Slave Trade A system that resulted in the kidnapping of Africans, worsening ethnic tensions and destabilizing regions, with victims mostly being young males.
Fur Trade A lucrative trade that attracted French, Dutch, and English traders to the interior of North America, particularly from the Ohio River to the St. Lawrence River.
Fur Trade Led Europeans to reach accommodations with American Indian groups, contrasting with agricultural settlements where American Indians were often exterminated or removed.
Mercantilism A set of economic and political ideas that shaped colonial policy, holding that only a limited amount of wealth exists in the world and nations increase their power by increasing their share of it.
Navigation Acts A series of acts passed by Britain's Parliament from the 1650s until the American Revolution, defining the colonies as suppliers of raw materials to Britain and markets for British manufactured items.
Enumerated Goods Goods from the colonies that could be shipped only to Britain, developed as part of the Navigation Acts.
The Glorious Revolution A bloodless uprising in 1688 where Protestant parliamentarians invited William and Mary to become England's monarchs, empowering Parliament and ending absolute monarchy.
The English Bill of Rights Established following the Glorious Revolution, it limited the powers of the monarchy and outlined the rights of Parliament and citizens.
The Beaver Wars A series of deadly conflicts in the 17th century illustrating the destabilizing influence of trade and European firepower on American Indian relations.
King William's War The New World manifestation of the Nine Years' War in Europe, involving fighting between American Indian groups allied with the British and those with the French.
Acadia A French colony that included present-day Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Maine north of the Kennebec River, where skirmishes occurred during King William's War.
Queen Anne's War Conflict on the border with Canada and in the American South, continuing the struggle for territory between French and British forces.
Wabanaki Confederacy An alliance of American Indian groups that conducted a bold raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts during Queen Anne's War.
King George's War The third conflict between the French and the British (1744-1748), fought in New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Nova Scotia.
Fortress of Louisbourg A French fortress in Nova Scotia that was successfully besieged by New England soldiers during King George's War.
The Pequot War A conflict where the colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth allied with the Narragansett and Mohegan peoples to defeat the Pequots.
King Philip's War A conflict initiated by the execution of three Wampanoags, leading to a violent attack on Massachusetts towns by the Wampanoag chief Metacomet.
Metacomet The chief of the Wampanoag, also known as King Philip, who launched attacks during King Philip's War.
Mohawks An American Indian group that provided crucial support to New Englanders during King Philip's War.
Wampanoag Casualties By the spring of 1676, over 40 percent of the Wampanoag were killed during King Philip's War.
Saratoga, New York A location destroyed by French and Indian forces during King George's War.
Deerfield, Massachusetts The site of a bold and destructive raid by the Wabanaki Confederacy with French support during Queen Anne's War.
Iroquois Confederacy An alliance of American Indian groups that fought alongside the British during King William's War.
Algonquian-speaking tribes Tribes allied with the French during the Beaver Wars, notably the Huron.
Pueblo Revolt A rebellion in 1680 by Pueblo Indians in New Mexico against Spanish rule, resulting in attacks on Spanish priests and the death of more than 300 Spaniards.
Bacon's Rebellion A full-scale rebellion in 1676 led by Nathaniel Bacon, championing the cause of frontier farmers against colonial authorities.
Stono Rebellion The most prominent slave rebellion of the colonial period in 1739, initiated by 20 slaves in South Carolina, leading to the deaths of 20 slave owners.
The Great Awakening A religious resurgence in the 1730s in colonial America, led by charismatic ministers seeking to revive church membership and religious zeal.
Deism A form of worship adopted by many educated colonists in the 1700s, viewing God as a distant entity who does not intervene in human affairs.
Religious Toleration The idea of allowing religious groups outside of the established religion to practice freely, rooted in European traditions and debated in the New World.
John Locke A British political theorist whose ideas on natural rights, including life, liberty, and property, influenced many colonists challenging imperial control.
Cato The pseudonym for the writing team of John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, known for 'Cato's Letters,' which condemned corruption in the British political system.
Cato's Letters Essays published between 1720 and 1723 that warned against tyrannical rule and were influential in the colonies, later collected in 'Essays on Liberty, Civil and Religious.'
Percentage of populations killed The war was the deadliest of the wars of European settlement in North America regarding the percentage of the populations of each side killed.
Spanish Franciscan priests Religious figures targeted during the Pueblo Revolt, reflecting the tensions between Pueblo Indians and Spanish colonial authorities.
Enlightenment philosophy A movement that challenged religious orthodoxy and influenced colonial leaders during the early 1700s.
Natural laws In deism, these are the laws created by God to govern the world, with God seen as a distant creator.
Charismatic ministers Religious leaders who played a key role in the Great Awakening by infusing new passion into religious practice.
Frontier tensions Conflicts that led to Bacon's Rebellion, highlighting the struggles of farmers against colonial governance.
Colonial period The time in American history characterized by European settlement and the establishment of colonies.
Attacks on Spanish priests A significant aspect of the Pueblo Revolt, indicating the resistance of Pueblo Indians to Spanish authority.
20 slaves The number of slaves who initiated the Stono Rebellion by attacking a country store to obtain weapons.
Mileposts along the road Where the heads of the beheaded participants of the Stono Rebellion were placed as a warning.
Decline in church membership A challenge faced by Protestant leaders in colonial America during the early 1700s, prompting the Great Awakening.
Political thought of the Enlightenment Ideas that influenced colonists like John Locke to advocate for natural rights and challenge imperial authority.
Corruption within the British political system A key theme in 'Cato's Letters' that criticized the governance of Britain and warned against tyranny.
Created by: 27cw1591
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