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APUSH Unit 1 Review

A.P. US History Review: Period 1

QuestionAnswer
The Meeting of Three Peoples - Interaction of American Indians, Europeans, and West Africans.
Columbian Exchange - Transfer of products and organisms between continents.
Encomienda System - Forced labor system used by Spaniards on natives.
Maize Cultivation - Corn farming that supported Native American economies.
Pueblo People - Native Americans living in southwestern U.S. towns.
Four Corners - Region where Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico meet.
Great Basin - Area between Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains.
Demographic Changes - Population shifts due to European exploration and conquest.
Empire Building - Expansion efforts by European nations in the Americas.
Social Structures - Diverse systems developed among Native American groups.
Economic Development - Growth of trade and agriculture among indigenous peoples.
Cultural Adaptation - Native peoples adjusted to and transformed their environments.
European Exploration - Initiated overseas conquests and settlements in the New World.
Divergent Worldviews - Differing beliefs between Europeans and American Indians.
Plantation Agriculture - Large-scale farming system utilizing forced labor.
Spanish Empire Expansion - Growth of Spanish territories in the Americas.
Competition Among Nations - Increased rivalry among European countries for colonies.
Social Diversification - Variety of social roles developed among Native Americans.
Migration Patterns - Movement of Native Americans across North America.
Environmental Transformation - Changes made by native peoples to their surroundings.
Interactions and Adaptations - Cultural exchanges between Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans.
Historical Context - Understanding events within the broader timeline of history.
APUSH Exam Focus - Emphasis on understanding history over memorizing facts.
Environmental Diversity - Variety of ecosystems in a region.
Natural Resources - Materials available in nature for human use.
Desert Culture - Pre-contact tribes' seasonal mobility for food.
Basketmaking - Craft of weaving baskets, common in desert cultures.
Pottery - Ceramic ware developed by sedentary groups.
Great Plains - Expansive land from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains.
Plains Indians - Native groups stereotyped in American culture.
Buffalo Hunting - Key survival activity for Plains Indian tribes.
Horses Introduction - European contact introduced horses to Plains cultures.
Algonquian Peoples - Language group of tribes along eastern U.S. coast.
Corn Agriculture - Cultivation of corn by Atlantic coast Algonquians.
Iroquois League - Confederation of Iroquoian-speaking peoples in New York.
Mohawks - One of the original groups in the Iroquois League.
Oneidas - Iroquois League member known for agricultural practices.
Onondagas - Iroquois League group involved in political unity.
Cayugas - Iroquois League tribe with significant influence.
Senecas - Largest group in the Iroquois League.
Tuscaroras - Joined Iroquois League in 1720.
Chinook People - Pacific Northwest tribes along the Columbia River.
Foraging - Gathering wild food resources for sustenance.
Crusades - Religious wars that increased European trade interests.
Black Death - Pandemic that reduced Europe's population significantly.
Renaissance Impact - Curiosity and exploration spurred by Renaissance ideas.
Protestant Reformation - Religious movement challenging Catholic Church authority.
Catholic Counter-Reformation - Church reform focused on spirituality and renewal.
Columbian Exchange - Transfer of crops and livestock between Americas and Europe.
Spanish Exploration - European expeditions to conquer and colonize the Americas.
Crops Introduced - Turkeys, corn, potatoes, cacao, and tomatoes to Europe.
Technological Advances - Innovations aiding maritime navigation and exploration.
Compass - Instrument for determining cardinal directions at sea.
Astrolabe - Device for measuring latitude using celestial bodies.
Quadrant - Tool for measuring angles in navigation.
Hourglass - Timekeeping device used for navigation.
Portulanos - Detailed maps aiding sailors in navigation.
Caravels - Maneuverable ships used by Portuguese explorers.
Joint-stock Company - Business model allowing shared investment in exploration.
Christopher Columbus - Italian navigator who discovered the Americas in 1492.
Niña, Pinta, Santa María - Columbus's three ships on his first voyage.
Treaty of Tordesillas - 1494 agreement dividing New World between Spain and Portugal.
Conquistadores - Spanish conquerors who defeated native populations in Americas.
Mexica - Also known as Aztecs, defeated by Hernán Cortés.
Smallpox - Deadly disease that devastated Native American populations.
Encomienda System - Spanish system granting land and labor rights to settlers.
African Slave Trade - Importation of enslaved Africans for labor in Americas.
Maroon Communities - Settlements formed by escaped enslaved Africans.
Casta System - Social hierarchy based on mixed-race populations in Spain's colonies.
Hernán Cortés - Spanish conquistador who led the defeat of the Aztecs.
Population Decline - 50-90% of Native Americans died from diseases.
Casta System - Social hierarchy in colonial Spanish America.
Peninsulares - Spanish-born individuals at the top of the casta.
Creoles - People born in the New World of Spanish parents.
Matrilineal Society - Lineage traced through mothers, common in Native cultures.
Patrilineal Society - Lineage traced through fathers, common in European cultures.
Guale People - Native group near Spanish missions in St. Augustine.
Juanillo's Revolt - 1597 uprising by Guale against Spanish missionaries.
Juan de Oñate - Spanish conquistador involved in Pueblo confrontations.
Acoma Pueblo People - Resisted Spanish demands, leading to violent reprisals.
Cannons from Mesa - Oñate's tactic that killed over 800 Acoma people.
Punishments for Acoma - Severe penalties included foot amputations for men.
Limpieza de Sangre - Concept of 'pure blood' used to justify racism.
Miscegenation - Mixing of races, creating a racial hierarchy.
Racial Hierarchy - Social structure based on perceived racial purity.
Bartolomé de Las Casas - Critic of Spanish treatment of Native Americans.
A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies - Las Casas' book detailing atrocities against natives.
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda - Defended Spanish treatment of Native Americans.
Natural Slaves - Sepúlveda's term for perceived inferiority of natives.
Spanish Mission System - Effort to convert and control Native populations.
Cultural Interactions - Exchanges between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans.
Pueblo People - Native Americans in New Mexico resisting Spanish rule.
Atrocities Against Natives - Violent acts committed by Spaniards during colonization.
Survivors' Trials - Acoma survivors faced trials and harsh punishments.
Social Structure - Organization of society based on class and race.
Created by: 27cw1591
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