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Research Methods
MCQ questions for Qualitative research methods
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are some advantages to qualitative approaches to research? | Can ask people about their experiences, can hear stories, can uncover new concepts/causes, can observe behaviour |
| What are some disadvantages to qualitative approaches to research? | Can only speak directly to small numbers, don't know if stories are a general experience, its very expensive |
| What are three common qualitative research methods? | one-to-one interviews, focus groups and observation/ethnography |
| What do qualitative research questions tend to focus more on? | exploration |
| what kind of sampling/people do qualitative researchers tend to look for? | People relevant to the research topic |
| What does qualitative data analysis tend to focus on? | Words, themes and ideas |
| What are the key features of qualitative research? | Aims to understand people's subjective reality, to see through the eyes of the people being studied (empathy), and uses methods such as listening, observing and interpreting |
| What are the three types of interviews and which ones are qualitative? | 1. Structured (quantitative) 2. Semi-structured (qualitative) 3. Unstructured (qualitative) |
| What are 4 key features of qualitative interviews? | 1. One-to-one 2. Researcher has a list of questions (called an interview schedule/guide) 3. Flexible/interactive - can 'probe' and get below the surface 4. Can be conducted in-person, online or over the phone |
| When preparing your interview guide, what are 5 main things you should do? | 1. Create a certain amount of order in terms of topic area 2. Make sure questions will help you answer the research question 3. Use comprehensive and relevant language 4. Avoid leading questions 5. Ask for relevant contextual information |
| What are 4 main things you should do during the interview? | 1. Make interviewees feel safe, comfortable and respected 2. Listen attentively and make eye contact 3. Don't make assumptions 4. Avoid finishing the interviewees sentences |
| What is a focus group and how do they work? | A group brought together to discuss a certain topic - an interest in how people discuss a topic as a group, members are actively encouraged to express their own opinions and respond to other members |
| What are some advantages to focus groups? | Can generate new ideas, real views can be more likely to emerge and can yield a lot of information in a short amount of time |
| What is a negative effect of focus groups? | Vocal people could dominate the conversation, other views may be suppressed - risk of 'groupthink' |
| What are focus groups good for? | If you want to explore the depth and breadth of opinion in relation to a particular topic, generates research ideas and hypotheses, look for ways to interpret previously obtained results and get data from people who are only available for a brief period |
| When are focus groups not so useful? | If you want in-depth, detailed or 'uncontaminated' responses from a range of individuals, or if the subject matter is sensitive or likely to cause discomfort |
| What is the average size of a focus group? | 6-10 people (over-recruit in case of no-shows) |
| When is it better to use a smaller focus group? | When the topics are sensitive or controversial, if you want each person to have plenty of time to speak, if you want to glean personal and detailed accounts |
| When is it better to use larger focus groups? | If you want to hear numerous brief suggestions |
| What are the main 5 roles of the moderator in a focus group? | 1. Setting the tone and establish rapport 2. Lead the discussion 3. Remain neutral and impartial 4. Allow free reign but intervene if required 5. Manage group dynamics |
| What are the 4 practical key features of ethnography and participant observation? | 1. Studies people in their everyday contexts 2. Observation is a key method 3. In-depth study of a single setting 4. Aims to understand the culture of the group from within |
| Name some case studies that used ethnography and observation? | Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum, A Glasgow Gang Observed, The bathroom one (get the name) |
| Who wrote Street Corner Society: The Social Structure on an Italian Gang? | William Foote Whyte |
| Who wrote 'Social Science Research' was who published it? | Martin Bulmer, The Chicago School of Sociology |
| What spaces are considered closed settings and require permission to research there? | Offices, hospitals, schools, families, gangs and prisons |
| What spaces are considered open settings and don't require permission to research there? | Train stations, streets, beaches, sport matches etc. |
| What does an overt researcher do? | The researcher is open about the fact that they are conducting research |
| What does a covert researcher do? | The researcher does not disclose that they are a researcher or conducting research |
| What are 'Gatekeepers'? | They are often used to facilitate entry to the field and participants in a closed setting |
| What is a 'covert full member' in terms of field work? | A full member of the group, actively participates and their status as a researcher is unknown to participants |
| What is an 'overt full member' in terms of field work? | A full member of the group, actively participates but their status as a researcher is known to the participants |
| What is a 'participating observer' in terms of field work? | Not a full member of the group but participates (can be minimal to significant) |
| What is a 'non-participating observer' in terms of field work? | Observes but does not participate within the group |
| What are the three phases of participant observation? | Descriptive (broad), focused (narrower) and selective (a case study or further evidence) |
| What is online ethnography? | Since ethnography usually means observation of 'physical' communities, cyberspaces can instead be perceived as a social space or a community (and it is an increasing area of interest) |
| What is the purpose of qualitative data analysis? | 1. To organise, describe and interpret data gathered 2. To answer your research question 3. A means to summarise and share your findings with others |
| Name four examples of approaches to data analysis | 1. Grounded theory (a theoretical tradition) 2. Thematic Analysis (a focus on 'what' is said) 3. Discourse Analysis (A focus on the language used) 4. Narrative Analysis (A focus on 'how' a story is told) |
| What are the 6 steps of doing thematic data analysis according to Braun and Clarke (2006) | 1. Familiarise yourself with the data 2. Generate initial codes 3. Searching for themes 4. Reviewing themes 5. Defining and naming themes 6. Producing the report |
| 'Codes' are tags or labels that do what? | Highlight what you believe may be emerging themes and are usually attached to 'chunks' of varying size (words, phrases, sentences or paragraphs) |
| What are 'memos' and what are they used for? | Notes written by the researcher themselves - as a reminder of what terms mean, to encourage reflective thinking about emerging ideas and crystallize ideas to keep researchers on track |
| Name an example of a software package made for qualitative data analysis | NVivo |
| What is the order of steps in inductive research? | 1. Observation 2. Pattern 3. Tentative hypothesis 4. Theory |
| What is the order of steps in deductive research? | 1. Theory 2. Hypothesis 3. Observation 4. Confirmation |
| Is qualitative analysis inductive or deductive? | Qualitative is inductive (so quantitative is deductive) |
| Name the main case study from class for data analysis | Mentoring for Young People in Care and Leaving Care |
| According to Diener and Crandall (1978), what is ethical research? | No harm should come to the participants, participants should agree to participate and know what the research is about, privacy should not be invaded and participants should not be deceived or cheated |
| According to Clarke et al (2021), what are three stances taken in relation to ethics? | 1. Universalism 2. Situation relativist 3. Ethical transgression is pervasive |
| What is universalism? | Ethical rules should never be broken |
| What is a situation relativist? | Ethics is by a case-by-case assessment, and in some cases the ends justify the means |
| What does 'ethical transgression is pervasive' mean? | That virtually all research involves some ethically questionable practices |
| Name the two main case studies from class in relation to ethical transgression | Laud Humphrey's 'Tearoom Trade' (1970) and Stanley Milgram's 'obedience experiment' (1963) |
| Name three additional ethical issues in relation to researching vulnerable groups | 1. They can be difficult to access (may need to go through 'Gatekeepers') 2. Genuinely informed consent could be difficult to obtain 3. Not researching these groups could then lead/add to social exclusion |
| Who published Bryman's Social Research methods? | Oxford University Press |
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