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Gene Control
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Operon | A unit of DNA under control of a promoter/repressor |
| Repressor | A protein that halts transcription by binding to the operator |
| Histone | The protein around which DNA is coiled until transcription |
| Deacetylation | The removal of acetyl groups from lysine on DNA making the DNA more coiled and tightly packed; can silence genes |
| Acetylation | The addition of acetyl groups the lysine residues, opening the chromatin conformation |
| Methylation | The addition of methyl groups to cytosine and adenine nucleotides; used for gene silencing |
| Inducible Systems | Repressor bound to the operator, inducer must bind to repressor to allow for transcription; negative control |
| Repressible Systems | Constantly produce protein product, inactive until corepressor binds; positive control |
| Operator Site | Binds repressor |
| Promoter Site | Binds RNA polymerase |
| Wobble Factor | Mutations to third base can occur without change in original amino acid sequence |
| Point Mutations | Silent, nonsense, missense |
| Silent | Mutations with no effect on protein synthesis |
| Missense | Mutations that produce a codon that codes for a different amino acid |
| Nonsense | Mutation that codes for premature stop codon |
| Frameshift Mutation | Nucleotide addition or deletion that results in change in reading frame of subsequent amino acids |
| Transcription Factors | Help RNA polymerase locate and bind to promoter region |
| RNA Polymerase 1 | Nucleolus, synthesizes rRNA |
| RNA Polymerase 2 | Nucleus, synthesizes hnRNA (premature mRNA) and snRNA |
| RNA Polymerase 3 | Nucleus, synthesizes tRNA and rRNA |
| Splicesome | snRNA make snRNPs and splice introns |
| 5 Cap | Recognized as binding site and protects from degradation |
| 3 Tail | Assists with export an protects from degradation |
| Eukaryotic Ribosome | 80s: 60s and 40s |
| Prokaryotic Ribosome | 70s: 50s and 30s |
| Steps of Translation | Initiation, elongation, and termination |
| Shine-Dalgarno Sequence | Prokaryotic 5 cap |
| A Stie | Aminoacyl tRNA complex where next amino acid is added to growing chain |
| P Site | Peptidyl site where tRNA holds growing peptide chain (peptidyl transferase) |
| E Site | Exit, inactivated tRNA exits ribosome |
| Phosphorylation | Addition of a phosphate group to activate/deactivate proteins; serine, threonine, tyrosine |
| Carboxylation | Addition of a carboxylic acid group to serve as Ca binding site |
| Glycosylation | Determine cellular destination (Golgi apparatus or ER) |
| Activator | Molecule has positive control on operon system, will increase gene transcription in response to external stimulis |
| Inducer | Molecule will activate or repress operon system by binding to repressor molecule |
| Proto-Oncogene | Cell cycle gene that helps with check points, CDKs; mutation allows cell to rapidly grow and divide |
| Tumor Suppressor Genes | Stop cell growth when cell does not pass checkpoint; p53, Rb, mutations lead to uncontrolled growth |
| Enhancer | Region that increases transcription of genes, by binding to transcription factors; hairpin fold |
Created by:
Meaganissocool
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