Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Unit 6 Vocab Terms
AP Human Geography (11 Subsections)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Site Factors | Physical characteristics of a location itself. |
| Situation Factors | Connections between one site and another site, or a location's position relative to another place. |
| Megacities | cities with 10 million or more residents |
| Metacities | sprawling urban areas with more than 20 million residents |
| Urban sprawl | unrestricted growth in urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanse of land |
| Suburbanization | movement of upper/middle class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts |
| Boomburbs | rapidly growing suburban cities that reach a large population exceeding it's urban core but still maintain it's suburban characteristics. |
| Exurbs | prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs |
| Edge cities | economic center on the fringe of a city with an extensive amount of office and retail space, typically near a major road. |
| Periphery countries | nations that are economically underdeveloped and often dependent on core countries for capital, technology, and trade, typically found at the outer edges of the global economic system. |
| Global Cities | Cities with a focal point recognized by almost everyone around the globe, examples are London, Tokyo, and New York. |
| Semi-periphery countries | countries that are industrializing and positioned between the core and periphery, acting as a buffer, and often mediating economic, political, and social activities between the two |
| Core countries | highly industrialized, wealthy nations with strong economies, advanced technology, and significant global influence, often contrasted with periphery countries and semi-periphery countries. |
| What is a city? (List 3 characteristics) | a permanent settlement that has three characteristics: Large size, High population density, and Socially heterogeneous people |
| Circular Rural Settlements | The circular form consists of a central open space surrounded by structures. |
| Linear Rural Settlements | The linear form feature buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communication. The fields extend behind the buildings in long narrow strips. This is sometimes called the French Long Lot system. |
| Global/World Cities | world cities are closely integrated into the global economic system because they are at the center of the flow of information and capital. (NYS, London, Paris, Tokyo, etc.) |
| Alpha Cities | The world’s most important stock exchanges operate in these cities and they contain large concentrations of financial and related business services. These are the first level of cities (NY, London, Tokyo ONLY) |
| Beta Cities | Contains the headquarters of many large corporations, developed banking facilities, and concentrations of business services, like insurance accounting, advertising, law, and public relations. Second level (Philadelphia, Cleveland, Minneapolis, etc. |
| Gamma Cities | The third level of cities, gamma cities, offers a more narrow and highly specialized variety of services. (Charlotte, Cincinnati, St. Louis, etc.) |
| Dependent Centres | Many cities, not classified on the alpha, beta, gamma scale, provide relatively unskilled jobs and depend for their economic health on decisions made in larger cities. (Huntsville, San Diego, Las Vegas, Orlando) |
| Central place theory | Explains the distribution of goods and services across a region using hexagons and lines to create relationships between places. Created by German geographer Walter Christaller. |
| Market area or hinterland | The area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted (a good example of a Nodal region as well |
| Range | the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service |
| Threshold | the minimum number of people needed to support the service (customer base) |
| basic industries | export primarily to consumers outside the settlement. |
| Nonbasic industries | enterprises whose customers live in the same community, essentially consumer services. |
| economic base | A community’s unique collection of basic industries |
| Rank-size rule | Statistical relationship between the largest city and the next largest city based on population (Canada, Germany) |
| Primate City | Lead city in a country in terms of size and influence (London, Paris, Mexico City, and Bangkok) |
| Rank-size rule positives and negatives | Strengths: variety of services and share of power. Weaknesses: communication |
| Primate City positives and negatives | Strengths: Social economic, and political center point. Weaknesses: all resources in one place. |
| Gravity Model | Model that predicts the degree of interaction and probability of mobility between two places. |
| Goods & Services with HIGH range & threshold | Hospitals, high end malls, sporting events, theaters, etc. |
| Goods and Services with LOW range & threshold | Convenience stores, gas stations |
| High range and low range example | Fine dining vs. Fast food |
| High threshold and low threshold example | Mall vs. Supermarket/Store |
| The number of functions in a central place is dependent on | Population of a central place, Population of the market area, Size of the market area, Distance to a place with similar functions |
| Bid rent theory | Similar to Von Thunen's model, but instead of a market in the middle it has a CBD (central business district). The closer to the CBD the higher cost of land, the farther from the CBD the lower cost of land. |
| Burgess Concentric Model | Based on the city of Chicago in the 1920s. Shows the relationship between the socio-economic status of households and distance from the CBD, where people can afford to live in relation to where they work. |
| Burgess Concentric Model zones | Zone 1 is CBD, zone 2 is zone of transition, zone 3 is working class zone, zone 4 is residential zone, 5 is the commuter zone. |
| Hoyt Sector Model | Based off the Burgess Concentric Model in 1930, but shows that cities developed in a series of wedge-like sectors, not rings… slices of a pie, as opposed to a series of circles. |
| Hoyt Sector Model zones | Zone 1 is CBD, zone 2 is wholesale/light manufacturing, zone 3 is lower class residential, zone 4 is middle class residential zone, 5 is the upper class residential zone. |
| Nuclei Model | In 1945, transportation has really changed and cities are evolving too. There are now multiple central business districts (CBDs) in a city and the sections are more square like. The original still exists, but others have developed. |
| Nuclei Model zones | Zone 1 is CBD, zone 2 is wholesale/light manufacturing, zone 3 is lower class residential, zone 4 is middle class zone, 5 is the upper class zone, 6 is heavy manufacturing, 7 is sub business district, 8 is residential suburb, 9 is industrial suburb. |
| Galactic City (Peripheral) Model | The city is service-based, no longer industrial-based. People have moved out of the city and into the suburbs. Highways/beltways have been built to provide access into the CBD. Most modern US cities fit this model the best |
| Galactic City (Peripheral) Model zones | CBD, Suburban Residential, Light Industrial Park, Office Parks, Service Nodes (Hospital Parks, Universities), Retail Centers and Malls, Transportation Hub / Airport |
| Latin American Model (Griffin-Ford Model) | Latin American colonial cities resembled Spanish cities in many ways due to the Laws of the Indies controlled by Spain. This model resembles a combination of the concentric model and sector model. Has a spine to CBD/Market |
| Southeast Asian Model | Resembles a combination of the concentric and sector models, doesn't look like a circle but more of a pizza. Contains port zone instead of CBD, Western Commercial Zone, Government Zone, Alien (Chinese) Commercial Zone, etc. |
| SubSaharan Africa Model | This model is influenced by European colonizers as that's what their cities were influenced by. Has colonial CBD, traditional CBD, market zone. |
| High-Density Areas | More densely populated areas are typically located near CBDs and their buildings will build up; except for Europe since it has height restrictions by their cities, so their buildings will generally be wider. |
| Medium-Density Areas | While it’s not the closest to the CBD, it’s the second closest to it. More garages, yards, single families, and detached homes are here. |
| Low-Density Areas | Has more space, pretty dispersed, but allows for lots of movement for people. |
| Greenbelts | Undeveloped land around urban area. Purpose is to preserve land and green spaces in places that are especially important in heavily crowded areas. |
| Smart Growth | Farmland protection policies help protect agricultural lands from suburban sprawl and development. |
| New Urbanism | A movement in urban planning aiming to reduce urban sprawl, Increase affordable housing, and create the use of Mixed-use neighborhoods to address the cons of urban sprawl |
| What solutions can make a city more sustainable? | Greenbelts, Smart Growth, New Urbanism. |
| Park System | Purpose is to preserve parks so people have different places to go to instead of being in the bustling city all of the time. |
| Walkability | Great for the environment and people’s health. Can end up spurring economic growth due to Tourism and Businesses |
| Mixed-Use Development | A type of land that combines aspects of residential and commercial businesses together (housing, restaurants, apartments, offices). Maximizes land use by combining different functions and encourages more sustainable transportation methods. |
| De Facto Segregation | racial separation that exists in practice, even if it's not mandated by law |
| Cons of new urbanism | can make cities or homes lose distinctive characteristics/historical charm, making those cities become less unique creating placelessness. |
| Quantitative data | Quantitative data from census and survey data provide information about changes in population composition (age, gender, ethnicity) and size in urban areas |
| Qualitative data | Qualitative data from field studies and narratives provide information about individual attitudes toward urban change |
| Blockbusting | Where one ethnic group is convinced to sell their homes at a low price once they hear another ethnic group is moving into the neighborhood. Investors did this often to benefit. |
| Redlining | Banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase homes in certain urban areas. This is now illegal. |
| White Flight | Historically, this is the movement of white residents out of the city in response to black residents moving into the city. |
| Ghettos | Part of a city where members of a minority group are concentrated |
| Gentrification | The renewal or rebuilding of a lower income neighborhood into a middle- to upper-class neighborhood. Seen as a positive urban renewal tactic but most cannot afford this new housing so lower-income residents are then pushed out of their housing. |
| Squatter Settlements | A residential area that has developed without legal claims to the land. Caused by rapid Urbanization, demand for affordable housing, unforced land policies. Located in LDCs at the edge of cities, undesired land, and land with unclear title. |
| Brownfields | Sites that have been abandoned and have some level of environmental contamination. Brownfields may be a former landfill, gas station, dry cleaner, or abandoned railroad sire. Can be redeveloped into a better use. |
Created by:
victoriaaphuman
Popular AP Human Geography sets