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Urinary System

histological overview of the urinary system

QuestionAnswer
What organs are included in the urinary system? The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is the regulation of internal body conditions.
What does erythropoietin do? Erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.
What is renin's role in the body? Renin is an enzyme that regulates blood pressure and volume.
How much blood do the kidneys filter per minute? The kidneys filter approximately 125 mL of blood per minute.
How much fluid do the kidneys reabsorb per minute? The kidneys reabsorb approximately 124 mL of fluid per minute.
What is the average daily urine production? The average urine output is approximately 1500 mL per day.
Where are the kidneys located? The kidneys are located in the posterior abdominal cavity
What is the hilum of the kidney? The hilum is the entry and exit point for the ureter and vessels.
What is the renal sinus? The renal sinus is a cavity at the hilum of the kidney.
What is the renal pelvis? The renal pelvis is the expanded upper end of the ureter.
What are major calyces? Major calyces are 2-3 branches from the renal pelvis.
What are minor calyces? Minor calyces are smaller branches from major calyces.
What is the kidney cortex? The kidney cortex is the outer layer with a granular, dark appearance.
What is the kidney medulla? The kidney medulla is the inner layer containing renal pyramids.
What are renal pyramids? Renal pyramids are 8-12 striated structures in the medulla.
What is a nephron? A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, with approximately 1 million per kidney.
What does the renal corpuscle do? The renal corpuscle filters blood and consists of a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
What is a glomerulus? A glomerulus is a network of fenestrated capillaries in the renal corpuscle.
What surrounds the glomerulus in the kidney? Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus as a double-walled structure.
What are podocytes? Podocytes are specialized cells enveloping glomerular capillaries with large processes resembling tentacles.
What captures filtrate in Bowman's capsule? The urinary space captures filtrate in Bowman's capsule.
What forms filtration slits in podocytes? Pedicels, smaller processes extending from podocytes, form filtration slits measuring 25-30 nm wide.
What does the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) do? The GBM restricts particles larger than 4 nm or 70 kDa during filtration.
What are fenestrae in endothelial cells? Fenestrae are openings approximately 75 nm wide in endothelial cells.
What makes up the filtration barrier in kidneys? The filtration barrier consists of multiple layers from capillary to urinary space.
What role do mesangial cells play in kidneys? Mesangial cells provide support between endothelial cells and podocytes, secrete immune mediators, perform phagocytosis, and influence blood flow through their contractile function.
Where does ultrafiltrate absorption occur in nephrons? Ultrafiltrate absorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), which absorbs 80% of ultrafiltrate including Na+ and H2O.
What does aldosterone regulate in kidneys? Aldosterone regulates sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), and water balance.
Which hormone promotes water reabsorption in kidneys? Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes water reabsorption in kidneys.
How does urine travel from kidneys to bladder? Urine travels through ureters via peristaltic contractions to reach the bladder.
Where does erythropoietin come from in kidneys? Erythropoietin is secreted by interstitial cells within kidney tissue.
What type of epithelium lines ureters and bladder? Transitional epithelium lines ureters and bladder for flexibility during urine storage and transport.
Created by: tunbridgeerin
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