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Nerve Tissue
Overview of Nerve Tissue and Its Functions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the primary functions of nerve tissue in the body? | It acts as an integrated communication network, coordinates body functions, and rationalizes sensory input for appropriate responses. |
| What are the two main types of cells found in nerve tissue? | Neurons and glial cells (neuroglia). |
| What structures comprise the central nervous system (CNS)? | The brain and spinal cord. |
| What components make up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? | Cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerve fibers along with ganglia. |
| What does the cell body (perikaryon) of a neuron contain? | The nucleus, cytoplasm, and Nissl bodies. |
| What are dendrites, and what is their function in neurons? | Tree-like structures that receive signals from other neurons, covered in dendritic spines for synaptic contact. |
| What is an axon, and what is its function? | A long, cylindrical process that transmits impulses away from the cell body. |
| How are neurons classified structurally? | As unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, or anaxonic, based on the number of processes extending from the cell body. |
| What are the functional classifications of neurons? | Motor (efferent), sensory (afferent), and interneurons. |
| Where are action potentials initiated in a neuron, and how do they propagate? | Initiated at the axon hillock and propagate along the axon as waves of membrane depolarization. |
| What are synapses, and what is their function? | Specialized junctions between neurons or between neurons and other cells, allowing for the transmission of impulses through neurotransmitter release. |
| What are astrocytes, and what roles do they play in the CNS? | The most abundant glial cells in the CNS; they provide structural support and form the blood-brain barrier. |
| What are oligodendrocytes, and what is their primary function? | Smaller glial cells that form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS, facilitating faster signal transmission. |
| What are microglia, and what is their origin? | Small cells characterized by densely staining nuclei, originating from blood monocytes. |
| What are the primary functions of microglia in the CNS? | Cytokine secretion for immune signaling and phagocytosis to engulf cellular debris and pathogens. |
| What are ependymal cells, and where are they located? | Epithelial-like cells lining the cavities of the brain (ventricles) and the spinal cord (central canal). |
| What is the function of ependymal cells in the CNS? | Key role in CSF production through the choroid plexus and CSF movement due to their cilia. |
| How are myelinated nerve fibers covered in the PNS and CNS? | By spiraling layers of glial cell membranes—Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS. |
| How are nerve fibers organized within peripheral nerves? | Bundled together by connective tissue layers: endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium. |
| What type of impulses do sensory ganglia receive? | Afferent impulses from the CNS, such as those from cranial nerves and dorsal roots of the spinal cord. |
| What is the structural composition of sensory ganglia? | Ovoid structures surrounded by a dense connective tissue capsule, containing nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies (primarily pseudounipolar neurons), each surrounded by a layer of satellite cells. |
| What is the function of autonomic ganglia? | Involved in involuntary activities, affecting smooth muscle, heart rate, and glandular activity. |
| Describe the basic anatomy of the spinal cord. | Oval, measuring approximately 42-45 cm in length and about 2.5 cm in diameter, with a central H-shaped area of grey matter and a central canal lined by ependymal cells containing CSF. |
| What are the three layers of meninges protecting the CNS? | Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater. |
| Describe the structure of the cerebrum. | A cortex of grey matter (1.5-4 mm thick) overlaying white matter, with convolutions (gyri) and depressions (sulci) increasing surface area. |
| Describe the structure of the cerebellum. | Features a grey matter cortex overlying centrally placed white matter, with three distinct layers: molecular, Purkinje, and granula |
| Where is the choroid plexus located? | In the roofs of the third and fourth ventricles and parts of the lateral ventricles |
| What is the primary function of the choroid plexus? | Production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). |
| How is CSF reabsorbed back into the bloodstream? | Through specialized structures called arachnoid villi, which project into venous sinuses in the dura mater. |
| What is the regenerative capacity of glial cells? | Glial cells in both the CNS and PNS retain the potential for cell division throughout life, unlike neurons. |
Created by:
tunbridgeerin
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