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Unit 5 Vocab Terms
AP Human Geography (12 Subsections)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain (commercial farming). |
| Sustenance/Subsistence farming | Type of agriculture that allows farmers to only have enough crops to feed their families or local communities. (Found in LDC's/Periphery countries) |
| Commercial farming | Type of agriculture that allows farmers to sell a large amount of their crops for profit while being able to keep some for themselves. (Found in MDC's) |
| Tropical climates grow.. | coffee, sugar, tea, cacao, and pineapple |
| Environmental Possibilism | The idea that we can overcome the geographic limitations of an area, usually through the use of technology. |
| Intensive Agricultural Practices description | Located near urban areas (market), focus is on maximizing agricultural output with less land used, but then requires a lot of labor and capital (money). |
| Hunting and Gathering (Foraging) | Before agriculture, people would hunt animals, fish, gather plants, and any other necessary resources to survive. |
| Shifting Cultivation/Slash-and-burn Agriculture (Extensive) | A practice where farmers clear land for planting with the slash-and-burn method, then grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years until soil nutrients are depleted and then leave it fallow (nothing planted) for a few years until the soil recovers. |
| Pastoral Nomadism/Normadic Herding (Extensive Subsistence) | People, often organized into tribes or clans, move their livestock seasonally to find fresh pastures and water (transhumanance), adapting to arid and semi-arid environments. |
| Transhumanance | Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas. |
| Wet rice | Practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth. |
| Crop rotation | Practice of planting different types of crops in the same area in a sequence of growing seasons to improve soil health, manage pests and diseases, and optimize nutrient cycling. |
| Types of Intensive Agriculture | Plantation Agriculture, Mixed Crop and Livestock, and Market Gardening |
| Types of Extensive Agriculture | Shifting Cultivation, Nomadic Herding, and Ranching. |
| Extensive Agriculture Practices | Located near more rural areas, focus is on maximizing agricultural output with less capital and labor used, but then requires a lot of land and labor is intensive. (Outputs aren't as great as intensive agriculture practices) |
| Ranching (Extensive) | Agriculture focused on raising livestock, such as cattle and sheep, on large tracts of land for meat, wool, milk, and other animal products to sell. |
| Plantation Agriculture (Intensive) | A large-scale, commercial farming system focused on cultivating a single cash crop (like coffee or sugar) on a vast area of land, often involving significant labor and specialized infrastructure |
| Mixed Crop and Livestock (Intensive) | Involves combining crop cultivation and livestock rearing on the same farm, optimizing resource use, improving soil health, and diversifying income streams. Livestock are fattened from the crops to the slaughterhouse. |
| Market Gardening (Intensive) | Farms that specialize in fresh fruits and vegetables that are then transported to sell on the markets. |
| Three types of Rural Settlement Patterns | Clustered, Dispersed, and Linear Settlements. |
| Three types of Rural Survey Patterns | Metes and Bounds, Township and Range, and Long Lot. |
| Metes and Bounds | Boundary that is based on landmarks in a geographic area to create the boundary (originally popular in Europe). This is mainly used for short distances, as the actual boundary lines look irregular. |
| Township and Range | This system uses a grid pattern, dividing land into townships (north-south) and ranges (east-west), creating rectangular land divisions. Uses longitude and latitude. |
| Long Lot | Narrow parcel of land that traditionally connects to a waterway (originally popular in Europe and areas settled by the French such as Louisiana and Québec.) |
| Clustered/Nucleated Settlements | In these settlements, houses and farm buildings are situated close together, often forming a central village or close community with shared services like schools. |
| Dispersed Settlements | These are characterized by isolated farms or houses scattered across the landscape, with low population density. |
| Linear Settlements | These settlements feature buildings clustered along a transportation system, such as a road, river, or canal, to facilitate communication and access. |
| The Second Agricultural Revolution created.. | Agricultural Advancements like the steel plow, seed drill, and fertilizer increased food production that lead to other impacts like demand for manual labor and increased life expectancy. |
| vegetative planting | The reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots. (Asexual reproduction) |
| seed agriculture | Reproduction of plants through annual planting seeds that result from sexual fertilization. (Sexual reproduction) |
| Green Revolution | A movement that diffused modern agricultural farming methods (like fertilizers, machinery, and GMOs) to developing countries after the mid-20th century. |
| GMOs | Stands for genetically modified organisms. GMOs change the genes of a plant, allowing plants to have characteristic you wouldn't get from hybridization. |
| Hybridization | Where hybrid plants are bred to have superior characteristics. |
| Chemical nitrogen | Chemical nitrogen and phosphate helped plants grow faster. Also called fertilizer. |
| Herbicides | Target weeds and other invasive plants in the field. |
| Pesticides | Keep insects from destroying crops when sprayed. |
| Positives of the Green Revolution | Higher yields of crops led to less starvation, lower death rates, growing populations, lower prices for food, and more profit for universities and agricultural companies. |
| Negatives of the Green Revolution | Capital farming methods led to loss of family farms and increase of factory farms, people moved to cities for jobs, not all countries were included in this Green Revolution (like Africa), soil depletion , bee die-off, algae blooms, etc. |
| Agribusiness | Agribusiness is the business aspect of agriculture. How agriculture ensures food security, supporting economic development, and driving innovation within the agricultural sector, encompassing everything from farming to food processing and distribution. |
| Bid-rent | How the price and demand for real estate change as distance from the city increases or decreases, with land values being highest near the center and decreasing outwards. |
| Extensive Subsistence | Has vast amounts of land but has a purpose of farming for the community. (Example: Pastoral Nomads) |
| Extensive Commercial | Has more land but has a purpose of using the resources for profit on the market. |
| Intensive Subsistence | Has a small plot of land that can feed a community or family. Labor is usually done by hand. |
| Intensive Commercial | Has a small plot of land with a lot of labor put into crops, then sold for profit on the market. (Example: Farmer's Markets) |
| Horticulture | The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers – and tree crops form the commercial base of Mediterranean Farming. |
| Norman Borlaug | Called "Father of the Green Revolution", was an agricultural scientist. He increased food production using science and eventually created the Green Revolution, increasing food production for countries all over the world. |
| What farming practices have agribusiness changed in recent years? | Family farms, number of farms, mechanization, and food production. Family farms can't compete, number of farms decreased because their size increased, mechanization replaced human labor, and the speed of food production increased. |
| What ways do technology increase carrying capacity of arable land? | Using efficient machines, chemicals like herbicides, and advanced transportation for crops. |
| Processing plant | Facility that transforms raw materials into actual products. These plants recruit low-cost laborers with their location being far from large cities to lower labor costs. |
| Von Thunen model | Theory that explains how land use patterns around a central market are determined by the cost of transportation and land value, resulting in concentric zones of different agricultural activities |
| Where is intensive farming on the Von Thunen model? | Intensive farming is usually closer to the market, making intensive farming expensive as the land used is near the market. |
| Where is extensive farming on the Von Thunen model? | Extensive farming is usually farther from the market, making extensive farming inexpensive as the land is farther from the market. |
| Describe the ring closest to the market (Zone 1) | Land is the most expensive here and things like fresh produce, dairy, and other perishable goods can be found here because they need to be the closest to the market so they don’t go rotten during transportation. |
| Describe the ring second closest to the market (Zone 2) | The second most expensive here and there’s lots of forest here used to build the market/community. Has to be close to the market as lumber is heavy and the demand for lumber is at the community/market. |
| Describe the ring third closest to the market (Zone 3) | The second least expensive here and lots of corn and grain can be found growing here. They are farther from the market because they aren’t heavy, not as perishable, and will most likely be okay during transportation. |
| Describe the ring fourth closest to the market (Zone 4) | Least expensive here with lots of animals and livestock in the open. Since livestock and animals need space to graze, it has to be farthest from the market as that’s the area that’s not as crowded and least expensive. Rapid transportation is not needed. |
| What is the flaw with Von Thunen's model? | This model is outdated, and did not think of including variables like multiple markets, varied climates, changes in transportation, physical landscape, technological advancements, etc. So, this model is not always correct. |
| Global food distribution networks are affected by.. | political relationships, infrastructure, and world trade patterns. |
| Larger countries with developed agricultural areas export to where? | food products to smaller, less developed agricultural countries. |
| What are some of the top exporters of food? | US, Brazil, China, and Argentina |
| Countries with climatic advantages export what? | luxury crops (coffee, sugar, tea, and bananas) to wealthy low latitude countries |
| Emphasis on growing crops for export can create.. | economic and environmental problems in developing countries |
| Farmers in developing countries often use what? | poor farming practices (like monocropping) that lead to water pollution, soil erosion, deforestation, and salinization of the soil. |
| Agribusinesses based in developing countries often control.. | crop and land production in developing countries. |
| What movements tried to promote equality for the producers of crops in developing countries? | The fair trade movements |
| Relationships between former colonies and mother colonies make trade what? | easier |
| What makes it hard for developing countries to get food crops to the market? | Poor infrastructure, limited transportation |
| Desertification | The process where fertile land turns into desert-like, barren areas. Often due to climate change and human activities like deforestation and overgrazing. |
| Pollution | Harmful contamination of the environment due to unusual substances, chemicals, and materials being introduced to the environment. |
| Soil Salinization | The process where there is too much salt in the land, making farming and cultivating plants difficult. Irrigation methods are usually a cause of this, making salt build up over time. |
| Terraced Farming | Created to help grow crops on mountainous areas. They do this by creating terraces or ‘steps’ on the mountains to make flat land to plant crops. |
| Irrigation (expensive method) | Created to help grow crops in dry areas with little water. They do this by applying water artificially to plants with an irrigation system. However, this method uses lots of money. |
| Irrigation part 2 (less expensive method) | Another type of Irrigation system is using ditches and trenches to capture water and work its way through throughout all crops to save money and be more useful with water. |
| Draining Wetlands | Created to help grow crops in wet areas with too much water. They do this by getting rid of the excess water to reveal polders. Polders are reclaimed land from the withdrawal of water. |
| Deforestation | Used to clear areas of land and use wood for the logging industry. However, this can create soil erosion, climate change, habitat loss, etc. |
| Agricultural impacts on water (irrigation) | Deep wells drilled for irrigation are depleting aquifers, Irrigation projects and reservoirs have depleted rivers and streams. Evaporation of irrigation water causes salt accumulation in the soil. |
| Agricultural impacts on soil | Monocropping led to the loss of soil fertility, deforestation and overgrazing caused soil erosion, and use of heavy machinery could lead to compaction of soils. |
| Agricultural impacts on Biodiversity | Hybrid and GMO seed use is widespread among farmers, cloned plants like bananas or other fruit trees are more susceptible to disease, and consumption patterns have consolidated the numbers of plants eaten. |
| Agricultural impacts on animals | Industrial food production needs animals that are the same size and weight, diet preferences have reduced the types of animals eaten, and growth of aquaculture has led to the production of just a few species of fish. |
| Fertilizer impacts on environment | Nitrogen runoff causes algae blooms in lakes and oceans, nitrogen oxide is released into the air causing human health problems, and fertilizers cause acidification and mineral depletion of soils. |
| Pesticide impacts on environment | Pesticide runoff pollutes human drink water sources, sprayed pesticide drifts and negatively affects wildlife and beneficial insects, and pesticides create toxic soil conditions and kill beneficial microorganisms. |
| Main goals of sustainable agriculture.. | Demand from consumers led agribusinesses to use more sustainable practices, governments pass laws to protect environment from pollution, and international agencies and environmental organizations wage campaigns to end destructive agricultural practices. |
| What influences food production and consumption? | Urban farming, community-supported agriculture, organic farming, value-added specialty crops, fair trade movements, traditional roles, and dietary shifts. |
| Urban farming | Creates more sustainable cities, absorbs excess labor in cities, and are the source of health problems from dirty water. This is also seen as a leisure activity but these also bring fresh food in food insecure areas. |
| Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) | A system where consumers purchase a share of a farm's harvest in advance, supporting the farm and ensuring access to fresh, local, and often organic produce throughout the growing season that can reduce pollutants and be eco-friendly. |
| Organic Farming | An agricultural system that relies on naturally occurring, non-synthetic inputs like compost and crop rotation while avoiding synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, and genetically modified organisms |
| Fair Trade | Trade between companies in developed countries and producers in developing countries in which fair prices are paid to the producers. |
| Causes of food insecurity | Food deserts, issues with food distribution systems, adverse weather, land lost to suburbanization, etc. |
| Food deserts | Geographic areas where the access to affordable, healthy food options is limited due to lack of access to supermarkets |
| Food distribution problems | Food often spoils before it reaches the market. This is due to lack of proper storage facilities, but developing countries lack this infrastructure to protect their food, making fighting hunger in developing countries especially difficult. |
| Weather Impacts on Food Insecurity | Disasters like storms, wildfires, droughts, hail, etc. can damage crops leading to less food being used to fight food insecurity. |
| Suburban Sprawl/Urbanization | The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas. This is especially dangerous when they take over prime agricultural land for farming, further increasing food insecurity. |
| What are spatial patterns for female employment in agriculture? | Countries with tight ties to cultural norms will have lots of women employment in agriculture because of the idea that women makes the food. |
| What are spatial patterns for female land ownership? | Countries with tight ties to cultural norms will have less women owning land because of the idea that men should be in charge and have land. |
| How do spatial patterns of undernourished populations link to the role of women? | Most of the undernourished population are women because of cultural norms, and the idea that men should be the first priority for access to food, then women. |
| How do cultural norms influence the roles of women? | From things to jobs, to ownership, to undernourishment, cultural norms can influence very much what a women can or can't do based on how much society thinks those cultural norms are important. |
| Subtropical climates grow.. | rice, cotton, and tobacco |
| Dry climates grow.. | cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and camel |
| Mediterranean climates grow.. | dates, olives, and grapes |
| Warm Mid-latitude climates grow.. | rice, fruit, and vegetables |
| Cold Mid-latitude climates grow.. | wheat, barley, Livestock, and dairy cows |
| Fertile Crescent | Where the first agricultural revolution (neolithic revolution) started, the land creates a crescent-like shape farmed by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Wheat, oats and barley originated from here. |
| Neolithic revolution | First agricultural revolution, where humans first shifted from hunters and gatherers to sedentary farmers. |
| 5 main agricultural hearths | Fertile Crescent, Sub-Saharan Africa, Central America, East Asia, and Southeast Asia |
| Sub-Saharan Africa origin food | yams, coffee, and sorghum |
| Central America origin food | Maize, potatoes, squash, peppers |
| East Asia origin food | Rice and soybeans |
| Southeast Asia region grows.. | Mangoes and coconuts |
| Columbian exchange | Transfer of plants, animals, and diseases from the old world to the new world. |
| Silk Road | Network of trade routes that connected China and the Mediterranean. Spread different crops, inventions, and farming practices to countries involved. |
| Enclosure movement | Movement during the second agricultural revolution where Britian privatized common lands (most were farms). This increased crop yield but prevented anyone else in the village to access the farm. |
| Monocropping | Where year after year, farmers plant the same crop as they believe their efficiency in producing this crop is better than starting off with a whole new unknown crop to them. However, this method risks soil depletion. |
| Monoculture | Where farmers plant one type of crop at a single time. They may switch to a different crop. |
| Commodity Chain | All of the different practices and processes that go into producing a product (Product distribution and sale of product) |
| Economies of Scale | As a company grows it is able to reduce the average cost to produce it's product. (As companies get larger they have access to more capital, which allows them to scale up production) |
| Commodity Dependence | When a country has more than 60% of it's total exports made up of commodities |
| Government/Agricultural Subsidies | A financial incentive or payment that is given by the government to support a specific industry, company, or individual. (Goal is to promote certain products to promote certain practices.) |
| Specialization | Process of focusing on one task, product, or service. |
| Periphery Countries | Nations that are less economically developed and have a weaker position in the global economy (LDCs) |
| Secondary working sector | Jobs that involve taking raw materials and manufacturing them into a product of greater value (construction worker) |
| Tertiary working sector | Jobs that provide service for other individuals (lawyer, therapist) |
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | The total value of all goods and services produced within a country during a specific period. It's a key metric used to measure a country's economic health. |
| Informal Economy | Economic activities that operate outside of formal legal and regulatory frameworks, often involving unregulated businesses, self-employment, and unregistered workers. Women in LDCs are most likely to work these types of jobs. |
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victoriaaphuman
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