Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
kapbio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prophase 1 | Spindle apparatus forms, nucleoi and nuclear membrane disappear. |
| Synapsis | Homologous chromosomes come together and intertwined |
| Tetrad | each chromosome has two sister chromatids which contains four chromatids |
| After recombination occurs, are sister chromatics longer idental | NO |
| Metaphase 1: | tetrads align at equatorial plant and each pair attaches to separate spindle fiber by kinetochore |
| Anaphase 1 | Homologous pairs separate and pulled to opposite poles of cell |
| Disjunction | each chromsomoe of paternal origin separates from homolougs origin and can end up in either daughter cells |
| Telophase 1 | nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus at point where each chromosome still consits of sister chromatids joined at centromere |
| Meiosis 2 is ___ preceded by chromosal replication | NOT |
| New cells of second meitoic cells have ___ number of chromsomes | haploid |
| Mitosis: 2N --> ___N Meiosis 2N--> __ N | 2N 1N |
| Mitosis: homologous chromosomes ___ pair up | don't |
| Meiosis: homologous chromosomes pair up at metaphase plate forming | Tetrads |
| Offsprings are essential genetic ___ copies of parent cells | carbon |
| Asexual reproductions have 4 types, name them. | 1. fission 2. budding. 3. regeneration 4. parthenogensis |
| Asexual reproduction is more prevalent in ____ than vertebrates | invertebrates |
| Binary fission | simple form of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotic organisms. Divides into two equal cytoplasm. |
| Fission occurs in | one-celled organisms such as amoebae, paramecia, algae, bacteria |
| Budding: Replication of nucleus followed by ____ cytokinesis | Replication of nucleus followed by unequal cytokinesis |
| Budding occurs in | hydra and yeast |
| budding pinches inward to form a new cell that is ___ size but genetically identical to the parent cell which then grows to adult size. | smaller |
| Regeneration is | regrowth of lost or injured body part. occurs in mitosis. |
| Regeneration occurs in | lower animals: hydra and starfish, salamanders and tadpoles can generate new limbs |
| Parthenogenesis | development of an unfertilized egg into adult organisms |
| Parthenogensis occurs in | bees and ants. male develops from unfertilized eggs while worker bees and queen bees develop from fertilized eggs |
| Spore formation (diploid) produces ___ spores which develop into haploid gametophyte generation | produces haploid spores which develop into haploid gametophyte generation |
| Alternation of generation in which a ___ generation is succeeded by haploid generation | in which a diploid generation is succeeded by haploid generation |
| Spores are specialized cells with hard coverings that ___ lost of water | prevent |
| diploid sporophyte generation produces ___ spores which develop into haploid gametophyte generations | haploid |
| meristerms are undifferiated ____ in plants which provide a source of cells that can develop into adult plant. | undifferiated tissues in plants which provide a source of cells that can develop into adult plant. |
| vegetative propgation is advantageous because it introduces ___ genetic variation and is a rapid form of ___ | no reproduction |
| Natural vegetable propgatation: bulbs split into ___ bulbs. occurs in: ___ and ____ | several tuplids - dafodils |
| Natural vegetable propgatation: Tubers are ____ stems with bubs. ie: ______ that cacn develop into adult plants | underground. potatos. |
| Natural vegetable propgatation: Runners are stems running ___ and ___ the ground extend from the main ___. can produce ___ roots and upright stems such as in ____ and ___ grasses | above and along. stem new strawberry and in lawn grasses |
| Natural vegetable propgatation: ____ are woody, underround stems and can develop new upright stems as in ___ and ___ plants | rhizomes. ferns and iris |
| Auxins | can be used to accelerate root formation |
| Layering is ____ . examples: ____ and ___ | will take root when bent to the ground and covered with soil. blackberry and rasperry |
| stem of one plant called ___ Can be attached to root stem of another closely related plant called ___. | scion. stock. |
| ___ tissue of both stems must be in contact | cambium |
| Gonads are ___ produced in specialized organs | gametes |
| testes produce ___ in tightly coiled ____ tubules. | sperm in voiled seminiferous tubules |
| Female gonads called ___ produce ___ (eggs. | ovaries produce occytes |
| Hermaphrodites have ___ functional of ___ and ____ gonads such as: ___ and ___ | both functions of male and female Hydra and earthworm |
| Spermatogensis occurs in ____ tubules. | seminiferous |
| Diploid cells called ____ undergo meiosis to produce ____ haploid sperm of equal size. | spermatogonia. four |
| Oogensis is the production of ____ gametes occured in the ___ | gemale. ovaries. |
| Prophase 1 | Spindle apparatus forms, nucleoi and nuclear membrane disappear. |
| Synapsis | Homologous chromosomes come together and intertwined |
| Tetrad | each chromosome has two sister chromatids which contains four chromatids |
| After recombination occurs, are ssiters chromatics longer idental | NO |
| Metaphase 1 | tetrads align at equatorial plant and each pair attaches to separate spindle fiber by kinetochore |
| Anaphase 1 | Homologous pairs separate and pulled to opposite poles of cell |
| Disjunction | each chromsomoe of paternal origin separates from homolougs origin and can end up in either daughter cells |
| Telophase 1 | nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus at point where each chromosome still consits of sister chromatids joined at centromere |
| Meiosis 2 is ___ preceded by chromosal replication | NOT |
| New cells of second meitoic cells have ___ number of chromsomes | haploid |
| Mitosis: 2N --> ___N Meiosis 2N--> __ N | 2N 1N |
| Mitosis: homologous chromosomes ___ pair up | don't |
| Meiosis: homologous chromosomes pair up at metaphase plate forming | Tetrads |
| Offsprings are essential genetic ___ copies of parent cells | carbon |
| Asecual reproductions are: 1 2 3 4 | 1. fission 2. budding. 3. regeneration 4. parthenogensis |
| Asexual reproduction is more prevalent ini ____ than vertebrates | invertebrates |
| Binary fission | simple form of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotic organisms. Divides into two equal cytoplasm. |
| Fission occurs in | one-celled organisms such as amoebae, paramecia, algae, bacteria |
| Budding | Replication of nucleus followed by unequal cytokinesis |
| Buddingg occurs in | hydra and yeast |
| budding pinches inward to form a new cell that is ___ size but genetically identical to the parent cell which then grows to adult size. | smaller |
| Regeneration | regrowth of lost or injured body part. occurs in mitosis. |
| Regeneration occurs in | lower animals: hydra and starfish, salamanders and tadpoles can generate new limbs |
| Parthenogenesis | development of an unfertilized egg into adult organisms |
| Parthenogensis occurs in | bees and ants. male develops from unfertilized eggs while worker bees and queen bees develop from fertilized eggs |
| Spore formation (diploid) | produces haploid spores which develop into haploid gametophyte generation |
| Alternation of generation in which a ___ generation is succeeded by haploid generation | in which a diploid generation is succeeded by haploid generation |
| Spores are specialized cells with hard coverings that ___ lost of water | prevent |
| diploid sporophyte generation produces ___ spores which develop into haploid gametophyte generation | haploid |
| meristerms are ____ tissues in plants which provide a source of cells that can develop into adult plant. | undifferiated |
| vegetative propagation is advantageous because it introduces ___ genetic variation and is a rapid form of ___ | no; reproduction |
| Natural vegetable propagation: bulbs split into ___ bulbs. occurs in: ___ and ____ | several; tuplids - dafodils |
| Natural vegetable propagation: Tubers are ____ stems with bulbs. ie: ______ that can develop into adult plants. | underground. potatos. |
| Natural vegetable propgatation: Runners are stems running above and along the ground extend from the main ___. can produce new roots and upright stems such as in ____ and in lawn grasses. | stem; strawberry. |
| Natural vegetable propgatation: ____ are woody, underground stems and can develop new upright stems as in ferns and iris plants | rhizomes. |
| Auxins can be used to ____ root formation | accelerate |
| Layering will take root when bent to the ground and covered with soil. examples: ____ and ___ | blackberry and raspberry |
| stem of one plant called ___ Can be attached to root stem of another closely related plant called ___. | scion. stock. |
| ___ tissue of both stems must be in contact | cambium |
| Gonads are ___ produced in specialized organs | gametes |
| testes produce ___ in tightly coiled ____ tubules. | sperm; seminiferous tubules |
| Female gonads called ___ produce ___ (eggs) | ovaries produce occytes |
| Hermaphrodites have ___ functional of male and female gonads such as: ___ and ___ | both. Hydra and earthworm |
| Spermatogensis occurs in ____ tubules. | seminiferous |
| Diploid cells called ____ undergo meiosis to produce ____ haploid sperm of equal size. | spermatogonia. four |
| Oogensis is the production of ____ gametes occured in the ___ | female. ovaries. |
| One diploid primary female sex cell undergoes meiosis to form ____ egg. | 1 |
| Oogensis produces a ____ body which is small cell that contains little more than the nucleus. | polar body. |
| Fertilization forms a ____ with ___ number of chromosomes | zygote. diploid |
| External fertilization in vertebrates produces in ___. such as __ and amphibians. | Water. Fish. |
| Internal fertilization Practiced by terrestrial vertebrates and provides a ___ route for sperm to reach the egg cell. | direct |
| testes are the site of production of _______ (hormone) | testosterone |
| testosterone regulates ____ male sex characteristics | secondary male sex characteristics like facial public hair voice chains |
| Pathway of sperm | SEVENUP |
| Ovaries are found in the ____ below digestive system | ab cavity below digestive system |
| Ovaries consists of 1000s of ___ | follicies |
| follices is a multilayered sac of cells that contains, nourishes, and protects an ____ ___ | immature ovum |
| follicle cells produce ____ (type of hormone) | estrogen |
| once a month an immature ovum is released from the ovary into the ___ ___ and drawn into the nearby ____. | ab cavity; oviduct. |
| uterus is the site of ____ development | fetal |
| Cervix connects the vaginal canal to ____ | site of sperm deposition and where baby is expelled during childbirth |
| each fallon tube opens into the upper end of a muscular chamber called the ____ | uterus |
| secretion of both estrogens and progesterone is regulated by ___ and ___ | LH and FSH. regulated by GnRH |
| Estrogens are steroid hormones necessary for normal female _____ | maturation |
| Estrogen contributes to the development of ____ sexual characteristics and sex drive | 2nd |
| Estrogens are responsible for thickening the ____ | endometrium aka uterine wall |
| Estrogens are secreted by the ___ follicles and the corpus lutetium | ovarian |
| progesterone is a steroid hormone secreted by the _____ ____ during the ___ phase of the menstrual cycle. | corpus lutetium. LH |
| Menstruation cycle are divided into four parts known as: | follicular phase (FH), ovulation, luteal phase (LH), menstruation |
| follicular phase is when the Follicle stimulating hormone from ___ pituitary promotes development of follicle with grows and begins secreting ____ | anterior pituitary; estrogen |
| Follicles mature during the ___ phase | follicular (FSH, LH) |
| ____ surge at midcycle triggers ovulation | LH |
| ruptured follicles becomes the ____ ____ and secretes estrogen and progesterone to build up uterine lining in preparation for implantation. | corpus luteum |
| corpus luteum secretes __ and __ | secretes estrogen and progesterone |
| if ovum is not fertilized the corpus luteum ____. drop in progesterone and estrogen levels caused the endometrium to slough off giving rise to the ____ | atrophies (dies). menses. (menstrutal flow) |
| If fertilization occurs, developing placental produces ____ which maintains corpus luteum and supply of estrogen and progesteroone maintains the uterus until the ___ takes over production of these hormones. | hCg (human chorionic gonadotrophin); placenta |
| in mosses, the ____ is the dominant generation | gametophyte |
| in mosses, sporophytes is a ____ organism that depends on the gametophyte for energy and ___. | short-lived. nutrient. |
| spores divided by ____ to produce haploid or gametophyte generation | mitosis. |
| in ferns, the ___ generation is dominant which releases spores from undersides of its leaves that develop into small heart shaped ___- | sporophye. gametophytes |
| Angiosperms | Flowering plants that have gametophytes consisting of a few cells that exists for a very short time |
| A ___ is the haploid, multicellular phase of plants and algae that undergo alternation of generations, with each of its cells containing only a single set of chromosomes. | gametophyte |
| stamens are ___ plants | male plants |
| pistils are ___ plants | female plants |
| anther are _____ and produces ___ spores which develop into pollen grains. | terminal sac in stamen. haploid. |
| Pistil: stigma- sticky top part of pistil which catches ____. | pollen. has monoloid egg nucleus |
| petals specialized leaves surround and protects ___ to attract insects for their pollen for fertilization | pistils |
| sepals are ____ cover and product flower bud during early development | Green leaves |
| male gametophyte is a ___ grain | pollen |
| epicotyl is the precursor of ____ stem and leaves | upper |
| cotyledons are ___ leafs. | seed leafs. dicots have two seed leafs while monoctos have only one. |
| hypocotyle develops into ____ stem and root | lower |
| endosperm grows and feeds __. | grows and feeds embryo. |
| seed coat develops from outer covering of ___. | ovule. |
| meristem is the growth in higher plants is restricted to ____ cells | embryonic |
| aprical meristem are found in ___ of roots and stems. growth in ___ occurs only at these points | tips. length. |
| lateral meristem is known as the ___ | cambium located btw xylem and phloem. permits growth in diameter. occurs in dicots like oaks. |
| autosomes are most chromosomes exist as pairs of ___ | homologues |
| human has ___ pairs of autosomes | 22 |
| Sex chromosomes pair during ___ and segregate during the___ meiotic division | meiosis; 1st (prophase 1) |
| Gender of a zygote is determined by the genetic contribution of the ___ | male gamete |
| sex lined are genes that are located on the __ and __ chromosome | X and Y |
| examples of sex-linked recessive are ___ and ___. | hemophilia and colorblindness |
| sex linked recessive generally affects only ____. they cannot be passed from father to son but can be passed from father to ____. daughter who is a carrier, therefore ___ a generation. | male. grandson. skipping a generation via sex recessive. |
| nondisjunction is the ___. | failure of homologous structures to structure during meiosis 1 or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis 2 |
| Meiosis 1 -- produce _____ _____ meiosis 2 -- produce _____ _____ | 1: homologous chromosomes 2: sister chromatids |
| trisomy | zygote that has three copies of same chromosmoe. |
| Monosomy | single copy of the chromsome |
| down syndrome | trisomy of chromosome 21 |
| mutations that occur in somatic cells lead to | tumors in the individual |
| mutation that occur in sex cells (gametes) | will be transmitted to offspring |
| colchicine inhibits ______ therefore causing polyploidy or mustard gas | spindle formation |
| ______ occurs in cells and organisms when there are more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes | Polyploidy |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a molecular disease caused by inability to produce ____ | proper enzyme for metabolism of phenylalanine |
| Cytosine, uracil, thymine are ___ | pyrimidines |
| Adenine and Guanine are __ | Purines |
| Nucleotide compose of | deoxyribose (sugar), phosophate group, nitrogenous base |
| DNA is a ___ stranded helix. | double |
| the language of proteins consists of __ words | 20; aka amino acids |
| DNA language must be translated by | mRNA |
| each codon represent __ amino acid. however most amino acids are represented by __ than one codon. | 1 amino acid. more than. |
| ___ different codons | 64 |
| Dengeneracy or redundancy | most amino acids have more than one codon specifying them. |
| RNA is composed of ___. it is ___ stranded. found in the ____ and ___. | ribose sugar, single stranded RNA found in both nucleus and cytoplasm. |
| Three different tpes of RNA are: name 3 of them. | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA |
| mRNA transports DNA sequency from nucleus to _____ | ribosomes |
| monocistronic is an example of ____. one strand codes for one ___. | mRNA - one mRNA strand codes for one polypeptide. |
| tRNA is found in the ___ which aids translation of mRNA nucelotides into ___ | cytoplasm. amino acids. |
| there are ___ known tRNA | 40 |
| rRNA is synthesis in the | nucleolous |
| transcription:dna is transcribed into strand of mRNA which leaves through the ___ | nuclear pores |
| translation occurs in the ___. | cytoplasm |
| anticodon is ____ to one of the mRNA codons | complementary |
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase | an active site that binds to both the amino acid and its corresponding tRNA |
| in elongation, ____ ____ form between the mRNA codon in the A site is complementary anti codon | hydrogen bond |
| translocation is | ribosome advances 3 nucleotides along the mRNA in the 5 to 3 direction. |
| disfulfide bonds form cross bridges with polypeptide chains of ____ and ____ molecular cross bridges. | intra and inter |
| plasmids contains ___ genes | contains one or more genes |
| episomes are plasmids that are capable of integration into _____ _____ | bacterial genome |
| bacterial cells are reproduced by: ____ ____ | binary fission |
| transformation for bacterial chromosome is the process of | foreign chromosome fragments - plasmid - is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination |
| conjugation can be described as ____ ____ in bacteria | sexual mating |
| F factor in ____ ____ | E. Coli |
| HFR cells and occurs in ___ | bacteria that have high frequency of recombination |
| transduction occurs when fragments of bacterial chromosome accidently become | packaged into viral progeny produced during a viral infection |
| recombination in bacteria occurs when when ____ ____ are separated. | linked genes are separated. breakage and rearrangement of adjacent regions of DNA. |
| repressor binds to operon, structural genes ____ described | not |
| inducer binds to repressor, no binding to operator = structure genes ____ | transcribed. |
| inducible systems | repressor binds to operator forming a barrier that prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing. |
| Inducer must ____ to repressor in inducible systems forming an ____ ____ complex. | bind, inducer repressor complex. |
| in repressible systems, repressor is ____ until it combines with the ____ | inactive, corepressor |
| repressor is ____ until it combines with corepressor. in a _____ system. | inactive, repressible. |
| corepressors are often____ of biosyntheitc pathwayways | end-products |
| constitutive operons containing mutations whose regulator genes code for defective repressors are ____ of being turned off | incapable |
| lytic cycle | causing it to burst by taking over genetic machinery |
| lysogenic cycle | does not lyse the hot cells but replicates and eventually enters the lytic cycle. |
| bacteria containing proviruses are normally ____ to further infections | resistant |
| males ____ be carries for lethal genes | cannot |
| genes will be inherited only from ____ carriers | female |
| all males with the early acting sex-linked lethal recessive allele will ____ | die |
| cleavage is the ___. what kind of division is it? | early embryonic development is characterized by a series of a rapid mitotic division |
| cleavage ____ surface to volume ratio of each cell therefore improving ____ and ____ exchange | increases. nutrient and gas |
| indeterminate cleavage, ie? | results in cells that maintain the ability to develop into a complete organism. ie identical twins |
| determinate cleavage is | cells whose future differentiation pathways are determinate at an early development stage. |
| first complete cleave of zygote occurs approximately ___ hrs after fertilization | 32 |
| fertilization occurs within ____ to ____ hrs | 12-24 |
| second cleavage occurs after ____ hrs and the third cleavage occurs after ____ hrs | 60; 72 |
| morula | a solid ball of embryonic cells |
| blastulation is the process when ____ developes into a fluid filled cavity | morula |
| ____ is a fluid filled cavity | blastocel |
| after four days the hollow sphere of cells is formed called the ____ | blastula |
| Morula --> ____ --> blastula --> ____ | blastocel; gasulation |
| ___ --> blastocel --> ____ --> gastrulation | Morula; blastula |
| Gastrulation | cell migrations transform the single cell layer of the blastula into three layered structure known as gastrula. |
| Gastulation: Ectoderm includes: | hair, nails, epithelium of nose, mouth and anal canal. lens of eyes, retina, NS |
| Gastulation: Mesoderm | Muscular system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonad, ct throughout the body, and portions of digestive and respiratory organs |
| gastulation: endoderm | epithelial lining of the digestive n respiratory tracts, parts of liver, pancreas, thyroid, and bladder lining |
| chorion | chorion lines the inside of the shell and it is a moist membrane that permits gas exchange |
| allatois | sac-like structure is involved in respiration and exretion and contains numerous blood vessels to transport O2, CO2, water, salt, and nitrogenous waste |
| amnion | encloses amniotic fluid- aq enironment which protects the developing embryo from shock |
| yolk sac | blood vessels in yolk sac transfer food to the devloping embryo |
| gas exchange in fetus occurs across the | placenta |
| placenta can remove ____ and ____ | c02 and metabolic wastes |
| labor the baby comes out of the | cervix |
| marsupials are ___ mammals. IE? | nonplacental mammals. offsprings are born early and move to a bounch for the rest of their devlopment. aka kangroos |
| protozoans: movement of ___ and ___ accomplished by ___ diffusion within the cell | gases, nutrients, simple. |
| cnidarians: hydra and other cnaidarians have body wallas that are____ cells thick. cells are in direct contact with either internal or external environments so no specialized _____ system | 2. circulatory |
| Anthropods: ___ circulatory systems. blood is in ___ contact with blood tissues. | open. Directo. |
| Sinuses | where exchange occurs. they are spaces. |
| annelids: ___ circulatory stems. IE? | earthworms- closed |
| aortic loops | five pairs of cessels which connect dorsal vessel to venral vessels |
| Earthworms blood lacks ___ blood cells | red blood cells |
| human cardiovascular system is composed of a muscular ___ chambered heart | 4 |
| blood is pumped into the ___ which branches into a series of ___ | aorta; arteries |
| exchange of gases, nutrients, cellular waste products occurs via ____ across ___ __ in humans | diffusion. capillary walls. |
| Capillaries then converge into ___ and eventually into veins leading ____ blood back towards the heart | venues. deoxygenated. |
| deoxygenated blood into ___ circulatory (___ the lungs) | pulmonary. towards |
| oxygenated bloods into ___ circulation (___ the body) | Systemic. throughout. |
| right side of the heart pumped ____ blood | Deoxygenated |
| Left side of the heart pumps ___ blood | oxygenated |
| Two upper chambers are called | atria |
| two lower chambers are called | ventricles |
| artria are ___ walled | thin |
| ventricles are extremely ____ | muscular |
| Name three types of blood vessels | arteries, veins, capillaries |
| arteries | thick walled, muscular, elastic vessels that transport oxgenated blood away from the heart. except pulmonary arteries. |
| pulmonary arteries transport ___ blood from the heart ___ the lungs | deoxygenated blood; towards |
| veins are ____ | thinly walled, ineleastic vessels, carries deoxygenated blood TOWARDS the heart. expect pulmonary veins. |
| pulmonary veins carry ___ blood from the lungs __ the heart. | oxyenated. towards. |
| vessels transport excess ___ ___ called lymth | intestritial fluid |
| Lymph nodes are ___ along lymph vessels containing leukocytes | swelling |
| phagocytic cells are | leukocytes |
| plasma in blood is the ___ portion | liquid |
| blood is an aq mixture of ___, salts, respiratory ___, wastes, hormones, blood protein. | nutrients, gas |
| Erythrocytes are | red blood cells |
| oxyhemoglobin | when hemoglobin binds oxygen which is a primary form of oxygen transport in RBC |
| RBCs circulate in the blood for about ___ days | 120 |
| RBC are phagocytized by special cells in the ___ and ___. | Spleen and liver |
| erythrocytes are formed from stem cells in the ___ | bone marrow |
| Leukocytes are | white blood cells |
| TF: leukocytes are larger than erythrocytes and serve protective functions | TRUE |
| macrophages | WBC who migrate from blood to tissue and mature in stationary cells. |
| Lymphocytes | other WBC that are involved in immune response and production of B cells and T cells |
| platelets | cell fragments that lack nuclei and involved in clot formation |
| blood transports nutrients and O2 ___ tissues | to |
| blood transports wastes and CO2 ___ tissues | from |
| ___ and ___ are absorbed into the bloodstream at the intestinal capillaries and after processing they are transported throughout the body | amino acids and simple sugars |
| waste products diffuses into ___ from surround cells and then these wastes are then delivered to appropriate excretory organs | capillaries |
| thromoboplatin | when both platelets and damaged tissues work together to release for clotting factors |
| prothrombins active form is known as | thrombin |
| thrombin converts to fibrinogen into | fibrin |
| threads of fibrins coat the damage and trap blood cells to form a __ | blood clot. |
| serum is the fluid left after _____ _____ | blood clotting |
| humoral immunity involves the _____ of antibodies | production |
| cell-mediated immunity | involves cells that combat fungal and viral infections |
| immunoglobulins are ____ which are complex proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens and trigger immune system to remove them. | antibodies |
| active immunity production of ____ during an immune response. | antibodies |
| passive immunity | involves transport of antibodies produced by another individual or organism |
| gamma globulin can be used to confer temporary protection against hepatitis and other diseases by ___ immunity | passive |
| histamine | injured cells that cause blood vessels to dilate to increase blood flow to damaged region |
| granulocytes | attracted to injury site phagocytize antigenic material. |
| ____ diffuse to other cells where they prevent spread ofvirus | interferons |
| erthyroblastosis fetalis | severe anemia for fetus when RH destroys fetal red blood cells. |
| translocation | circulation in plants |
| xylem cells are ___ walled, often hollow cells located ____ the vascular bundle. | thicken, inside |
| fibrovascular bundle | phloem, cambium, xylem layers |
| meristem | refers to the actively diving, undifferentiated cells of a plant |
| cambium - provides lateral growth of the ___ by adding to the ___ and ___ | stem, phloem and xylem. |
| main functions of the lymphatic system is to __ excess interstitial fluid and return it to the ___ system. | collect; circulatory |
| lymphatic system is to ___ chylomicrons from the small intestine and deliver them to the cardiovascular circulation | absorb |
| adrenal glands are situated on the top of the ____ and consists of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla | kidneys |
| In response to stress, ____ stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secret steroid hormones aka _____ | ACT (produced by anterior pituitary); corticosteriods |
| cortisol and cortisone are examples of | glucocorticoids |
| glucocorticoids are involved in ___ regulation and ___ metabolism | glucose and protein |
| Glucocorticoids raise blood glucose levels by promoting protein breakdown and ____ and decreasing protein synthesis | gluconeogenesis |
| mineralocorticoids particularly ____ regulate plasma levels of sodium and potassium and total extracellular water volume in the ___ | aldosterone; nephron |
| hypertension is | high blood pressure |
| adrenal cortex secretes small quantities of ____ | androgens - male qualities (facial hair, etc) |
| A steroid hormone, such as testosterone or androsterone, that controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics. | androgen |
| Adrenal glands are situated on top of kidney and consists of the | Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla |
| Adrenal cortex secretes corticosteriods which has three different types called: | glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, cortical sex hormones |
| adrenal medulla produces ____ and _____. | epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| catecholamines | class of amino acid derived compounds |
| epinephrine | increase conversation of glucogen to glucose in liver and muscle tissue - rise in blood glucose levels and increase in basal metabolic rate |
| release of adrenal cortical hormones is under the control of _____ | adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ATCH) - anteior or pituitary gland. |
| ACTH stimulates the production of ____ and sex steroids | glucocorticoids |
| Six hormones of the anterior pituitary are: | FLAT PEG FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH |
| GH promotes ____ and ___ growth | bone and muscle |
| acromegaly is | disorder characterized by a disproportionate overgrowth of bone. |
| prolactin is | stimulates milk production and secretion in female mammary glands |
| endorphines is | inhibit perception of pain |
| ACTH stimulates the ___ ____ to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids and is regulated by releasing hormone CRF | the adrenal cortex |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulates thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroid hormones including thyroxin |
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - in females, LH stimulates ____ and formation of the corpus luteum. in males, LH stimulates ___ ____ of the testes to synthesize testosterone. | ovulation; interstitial cells |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in females - | In females, FSH causes maturation of ovarian follicles which begin secretion estrogen. |
| FSH in Males - | FSH stimulates maturation of the seminiferous tubules and sperm production |
| Melanocyte- Stimulating Hormone (MSH) | Secreted by intermediate lobe of the pituitary. |
| Neurohypoophysis (___ pituitary) | posterior pituitary that does not synthesize hormones, stores and releases the peptide hormones oxytocin and ADH. |
| Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus produce hormones ___ and __ | ADH and oxytocin |
| oxytocin | secretes during childbirth, increase strength and frequency of uterine muscle contractions |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) increases the permeability of the nephron's ____ ___ to water, thereby promoting water reabsorption and increasing ___ volume. | collecting duct; blood |
| thyroid gland produces and secrets three types of hormones: | thyroxin, triiodothyronine, calcitonin |
| hypothyroidism common symtoms include- (from thyroid) | common symptoms includes a slowed heart rate and respiratory rate, fatigue, cold intolerance, and weight gain |
| Thyroid: Hyperthyroidism | overstimulated, resulting in the oversecretion of thyroid hormones. symptoms: increased metabolic heart rate, feeligns of excessive warmth, profuse sweating, palpitations, wieght loss, protuding eyes. |
| Cretinism | hypothyroidism in newborn infants which is characterized by mental retardation and short stature |
| goiter | thyrod often enlarges forming a bulge in the neck |
| insulin ____ plasma glucose | decreases |
| glucagon ___ plasma glucose | increase |
| growth hormones, the glucocorticoids, epinephrine are all capable of ____ plasma glucose | increase |
| islets of langerhans | composed of alpha and beta cells in pancreas. |
| alpha cells produce and secrete _____ beta cells produce and secrete ___ (PANCREAS) | glucagon; insulin |
| glucaagon stimulates protein and fat degradation, from glycogen to ____ and ____. | glucose and gluconeogenesis - all to increase blood glucose levels. |
| Insulin's - protein hormone secreted in response to a ___ blood glucose concentration. | high |
| insulin's underproduction leads to _____ which is characterized by hyperglycemia(high blood glucose levels) | diabetes mellitus |
| parathyroid glands are embedded in posterior surface of thyroid. they synthesize and secrete ____ hormone which regulates plasma ___ concentration. | Parathyroid hormone (PTH); Ca2+. |
| when blood volume falls, kidneys produce ____ | renin |
| renin is an enzyme that converts plasma protein ____ to angiotensis I. | angiotensinogen |
| Aldosterone helps ____ blood volume by ____ sodium reabsorption at the kidney leading to an increase in water. | restore - increasing |
| Aldosterone secretion occurs in the | Kidneys & Adrenal Cortex |
| parathyroid glands increases ___ | Ca2+ |
| CalciTONIN ___ CA2+ | decreases |
| Gastrin is a hormone that is stimulated in the stomach from _____ | ingested foods |
| Gastrin is carried to the ___ glands and stimulates the glands to secret ___ in response to food in stomach. | gastric; HCL |
| Secretion is released by the ___ intestine when acidic food material enters from the stomach | small |
| carbohydrates is digested in the | in mouth and small intestine |
| stomach only digest | protein |
| gastrin produces ______ | gastric glands |
| gastric glands produces | HCl |
| pepsigen (gen-inactive) produces | pepsin |
| Pepsin (in-active) breaks down | proteins |
| Chief cells produce | pepsinigen |
| Secretin is a ___ system that neutralize the ____ from the ___ in order to be processed in the small intestine | bicarbonate system that neutralize the acidity from the chime in order to be processed in the small intestine |
| boblus | food that goes down esophagus --> not acidic |
| peristasis | movement down the esophagus. contractions.. |
| cardiac splinter | cuts the food off from the esophagus to the stomach. to gastrin -> gastric glands -> HCL -> pepsigen |
| Pyloric splinter | food cutting from the stomach to the small intestine |
| chyme | new acidic ball of food that enters small intestine; partly digested food from stomach. |
| most all nutrients is located in the ___ intestine | small |
| villi are located in the small intestine that contains ______ that absorbs everything | microvilli |
| After microvilli does his job, it moves to the ____ intestine that absorbs water and salt. | large |
| CCK breaks down | FATS |
| pineal gland at base of brain secretes | melatonin |
| (Cholecystokinin) released from ____ in response to the presence of ____ and causes the contraction of the gallbladder to releases ___ into small intestine | small intestine; FAT; bile |
| bile | digestion of fats |
| melatonin helps people discover the physiological cycle of ____ | hours in a day |
| peptide hormones have specific ____ on the surface of their target cells | receptors |
| Cyclic AMP is a ____ messenger | 2nd |
| cAMP relaying messages from ____ peptide hormone to cytoplasmic enzymes and initiates series of ____ | extracellular; rxns |
| cyclic amp is inactivated by cytoplasmic enzyme _____ | phosphodiesterase |
| steroid hormones enter target cells directly by bind to specific receptor proteins in the ___ | cytoplasm |
| phototropism is when auxins make plants bend ____ the light | towards |
| indoleacetic acid is one of the ___ associated with photropism | auxins |
| auxin is a plant ___ | hormone |
| geotropism is the growth of portions of plants ___ or ____ gravity | towards; away |
| negative geotropism causes plants to grow ____ and ____ from gravity | away and upward |
| positive geotropism causes plants to grown ____ the pull of gravity | towards. leaves goes down... |
| gibberelins stimulate rapid stem____. | elongation |
| kinetin promotes ______ in auxins (plant hormone) | cell division |
| ethylene is the process of ____ ripening | fruit |
| Inhibitors block ____ and serve an important role in growth regulation. | cell division |
| abscisic acid is one of the most important ____ that break down gradually so buds and seeds can become active in the next growing season. | inhibitor |
| acromegaly is the | overproduction of growth hormones in plants |
| thyroid hormone deficiency may result in | cretinism |
| melatonin helps people discover the physiological cycle of ____ | hours in a day |
| peptide hormones have specific ____ on the surface of their target cells | receptors |
| Cyclic AMP is a ____ messenger | 2nd |
| cAMP relaying messages from ____ peptide hormone to cytoplasmic enzymes and initiates series of ____ | extracellular; rxns |
| cyclic amp is inactivated by cytoplasmic enzyme _____ | phosphodiesterase |
| steroid hormones enter target cells directly by bind to specific receptor proteins in the ___ | cytoplasm |
| phototropism is when auxins make plants bend ____ the light | towards |
| indoleacetic acid is one of the ___ associated with photropism | auxins |
| auxin is a plant ___ | hormone |
| geotropism is the growth of portions of plants ___ or ____ gravity | towards; away |
| negative geotropism causes plants to grow ____ and ____ from gravity | away and upward |
| positive geotropism causes plants to grown ____ the pull of gravity | towards. leaves goes down... |
| gibberelins stimulate rapid stem____. | elongation |
| kinetin promotes ______ in auxins (plant hormone) | cell division |
| ethylene is the process of ____ ripening | fruit |
| Inhibitors block ____ and serve an important role in growth regulation. | cell division |
| abscisic acid is one of the most important ____ that break down gradually so buds and seeds can become active in the next growing season. | inhibitor |
| acromegaly is the | overproduction |
| thyroid hormone deficiency may result in | cretinism |
| growth hormone promotes growth of ___ | promotes growth of muscles |
| ACTH stimulates _____ of glucocorticoids | stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids |
| Oxtocin increase _____ during childbirth | increase contractions during childbirth |
| progresterone prepares ____ for implantation of fertilized egg | prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized egg |
| aldodesterone induces water reabsorption in ____ | kidneys |
| glucagon stimulates ____ of glucose into blood | stimulates release of glucose into blood |
| throxine ____ rate of metabolism | increase rate of metabolism |
| negative feedback is ____ whereby an end-product inhibits one or more of the earlier steps that lead to its production/secretion | regulation |
| glucagon is secreted in the | pancreas |
| oxytocin and vasopressin are produced by the _____ and released by the ____. | hypothalamus; pituitary |
| negative geotropism is | when leaves are going against gravity, meaning their leaves folds up. |
| myelin is produced by ___ in NS | glial cells |
| myelin is produced by ___ in CNS | oligodendrocytes |
| myelin is produced by ___ in PNS | schwann cells |
| deporalization in action potential allows voltage gate ___ channels to rush down gradient ___ the cell | NA+, into |
| Reporalization in action potential allows voltage gate ___ channels to open and down gradient. | K+ |
| refactory period | difficult or impossible to initiate another action potential |
| the greater the ____ of the axon and the more heavily it is myelinated, the faster the impulses will travel | diameter |
| effector cells | ability to have neurons to communicate with postsynaptic cells other than neurons such as muscle or glands. |
| neurotransmitters are the nerve terminal contains thousands of membrane bound vesicles full of ______ _____ | chemical messengers |
| curare blocks the __ synaptic acetylcholine receptor that it is unable to interact with its receptor | post |
| botulism toxin prevents realese of _____ from presynaptic membrane | acetylcholine |
| _____ is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) in many organisms including humans. | acetylcholine |
| anti-cholinesterases are used as ____ gases and insecticide parathoin. it inhibits the actiity of acetylcholinesterarse where ____ coordinated muscle contractions can occur. | nerve, no |
| protozoa is a ___ organism that possess no organized NS | unicellular |
| Cnidaria have a simple nervous system aka ___ | nerve net. |
| ___ possess a CNS consists of defined ventral nerve cord, anteror brian, clusters of nerve cells. | annelida |
| ____ possess a CNS consists of defined ventral nerve cord, anterior brian, clusters of nerve cells but also contain specialized sense organs | arthropoda |
| afferent neurons are | neurons that carry sensory info about the extenoral or internal environment to brian and spinal cord |
| efferent neurons are | neurons that carry motor commands from brian or spinal cord to various part of body |
| interneurons participate only in local circuits linking sensory andmotor neurons in the brian and spinal cord. their cell body and nerve terminals are in the ___ location | same |
| a network of nerve fiber are known as | plexus |
| ganglia | neuronal cell bodies often cluster together in PNS |
| nuclei of cell bodies are located in the ___ | CNS |
| forebrain (prosencephalon) consists of ___ and ____ | telencephalon and diencephalon |
| telencephalon is the ____ cortex which is highly convoluted gray matter and can be seen at the surface. | cerebral. |
| The cerebral cortex processes and integrates ___ input and ___ responses and is important for memory and creative thought. | sensory and motor |
| Olfactory bulb is the center for ____ and integration of olfactory input | reception |
| diencephalon contains the ___ and ____ | thalamus and hypothalamus |
| thalamus is a relay and integration center for the ____ and ___ | spinal cord and cerebral cortex |
| hypothalamus controls ______ | hunger, thirst, sex drive, water balance, blood pressure, temp regulation. endocrine system. |
| midbrain (mesencephalon) relay center for ____ and ____ impulses. important for motor control. | visual and auditory |
| hindbrian (rhombencephalo) is the posterior of the brian which contains three things: | cerebellum, pons, medulla |
| cerebellum helps ___ initiated by cerebellum for maintenance of balance, hand-eye coordination, timing of rapid movement | motor impulses |
| pons in hindbrain acts a relax cortex to communicate with the __- | cerebellum |
| medulla controls three things. name it. also known as medulla oblongata. | breathing, heart rate, gastrointestinal activity |
| brainstem is constitute of three things: | medulla, pons, midbrain |
| sensory info enters spinal cord through the ____ | dorsal horn |
| all motor info exists the spinal cord through the ____ | ventral horn |
| PNS consist of ___ and ___- | nerves and ganglia |
| somatic NS innervates skeletal muscles and is responsible for | movement |
| Autonomic nervous system innervates ___ and ___ muscles | cardia and smooth |
| norepinephrine is used as a primary neurotransmitter in the | sympathetic NS |
| parasympathetic division acts to conserve energy and rest of body to resting activity levels. T/F | True |
| vagus nerve uses acetylcholine as a primary neurotransmitter in the PNS ystem that innervates many ___ and ____ viscera | thoracis and abdominal |
| cones respond to ___ intensity illumination and are sensitive to ___ | high, colors |
| rods detect ____ intensity illumination and are important in ___ vision | low, night |
| cornea focuses ___ | light rays |
| sclera is the ___ of the eye | white |
| choroid layer helps supply retina with __- | blood |
| retina contians ____ that sense light | photreceptors |
| iris control ___ | pigment |
| lens and the shape and the focal length of which is controlled by the ____ muscles | ciliary |
| axons of the ganglion cells bundle to form the ____ | optic nerves which conduct visual info to the brian |
| fovea is a densely packed with ____ and is important for high acuity vision | cones |
| vitreous humor in eye maintains its ___ and ___ properties | shape and optical |
| aqueous humor is formed by the eye and exits through ducts to join the ___ blood | venous |
| myopia (nearsightedness) occurs when the image is focus _____ of the eye | in front |
| hyperopia (farsightedness) occurs when the image is focus ___ the retina | behind |
| astigmatism is caused by irregularly shaped ___- | cornea |
| cataracts develop when the lens become opaque where light ___ enter the eye and blindness results | cannot |
| resting membrane potential in a neuron result of an unequal distribution of ions between the inside and the outside of the cell. T/F | True |
| Resting membrane potential of a neuron depends on three things: | differential distribution of ions across axon membrane, active trarnsport, selective permeability |
| ___ and ___ focuses light on the retina | cornea and lens |
| ____ is when the neuron goes past the resting potential and becomes even more negative inside than normal | hyperpolarization |
| acetylcholine is ____ in the synapatic cleft by the enzyme acetycholinesterase after it has acted upon the postsynaptic membrane | inactive |
| The chemical compound_______ (often abbreviated ACh) is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system | acetylcholine |
| One NADH is produced per PGAL, for a total for ___ NADH | 2 |
| Alcohol fermentation occurs in | Yeast and Bacteria |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation Occurs in | Fungi and bacteria |
| Cellular respiration is the most efficent catabolic pathway used by organisms to harvest the energy stored in ___ | glucose |
| Glycolysis yields ____ ATP | 2 |
| Cellular Respiration can yield ___ to ____ ATP | 36-38 |
| in cellular respiration, ___ is the final acceptor of electrons | Oxygen |
| CELLULAR respiration occur in the eukaryotic ____. | mitochondrion |
| Pyruvate decarboxylation in the mitochondrial matrix loses ___ and the coenzyme A to from ____ | CO2, acetyl COa |
| Pyruvate decarboxylation reduced ___ to ___ | NAD+; NADH |
| In Kreb cycle, __ CO2 are released | 2 |
| In Kreb cycle, __ atp is produced by substrate level phosphorylation | 1 |
| In Kreb cycle, NAD+ and FAD generates ___ and ___ | NADH and FADH2 |
| NADH produces how many times | x3 |
| FADH2 produces how many times | x2 |
| ETC occurs inside the _________ | inner mitochondrial membrane. |
| cytochromes are | electron carriers that resemble hemoglobin in structure of active site. |
| IN SUBSTRATE level phosphorylation, 1 glucose molecules yields ___ atp from glycolysis and __ ATP for each turn of the kreb cycle. Thus ___ ATP are produced. | 2; 1; 4 |
| In oxidative phosphorylation, 2 pyruvate yields __ NADH for a total of ___ NADH | 1; 2 |
| In oxidative phosphorylation, each turn of the citric cycle yields ___ NADH and ___ FADH2 for a total of __ NADH and ___ FADH2 | 3; 1. 6;2. |
| Glycolysis occurs in the __ | Cytoplasm |
| Glycolysis makes _ ATP | 2 |
| Pyruvate makes __ ATP | -2 |
| Kreb Cycle makes _ ATP | 2 |
| ETC makes __ ATP | 34 |
| Net ATP made in cellular respiration (eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?) | 36; 38 |
| Fermentation occurs in the | Cytoplasm |
| Pyruvate decarboxylation occurs in the | inner mitochrondion matrix |
| Kreb Cycle occurs in the | inner mitochondrion matrix |
| ETC occurs in the | mitochondrion inner membrane |
| In Kreb cycle, breakdown of _____ generates nadh, fadh2, atp | acetyl coA |
| 2 Pyruvate --> ____ --> 2 acetyl coA | pyruvate decarboxylation |
| glycogen is stored in the ____ | liver |
| fat molecules are stored in | adipose tissues |
| fats hydrolyzed by ___ to fatty acids and ____ | lipases; glycerol |
| Glyceryol is converted to ____ | PGAL |
| Fats yields the ____ number of ATP per gram | greatest |
| transamination rxn is when proteins lose an ___ group and are converted to acetyl CoA, pyruvate in the kreb cycle | amino group |
| oxidative deamination removes ___ molecules directly from an amino acid | ammonia |
| Cnidaria are ___ and ____ | Protozoa and Hydra |
| Cnidaria is when every cell is in ___ with the external environment of ____ where respiratory gases can be exchanged between cell and the environment by simple diffusion through cell membrane. | contact; water |
| Annelids are - mucus secreted by cells on extrenal surface of earthworm's body provides a moist surface for gaseous exchange by ___ | diffusion |
| Annelids circulatory system brings ___ to cells and waste produce ___ back to skin for exretion | O2; CO2 |
| Cnidarias are basically have a mouth that eats and shits in the same place. | TRUE |
| Annelids are basically ones that have aortic loops of heart goes in 02 and shits out C02, ie. earthworms. one anus one mouth | TRUE |
| Arthropod phylum are grasshoppers that have respiratory tubes called ___ | tracheae |
| Arthropods chews their food and has a respiratory system.. | True |
| Gas exchange between the lungs and circulatory system occurs across very thin walls of the ____ which are air filled sacs at the terminals of the airway branches. | alveoli |
| ___ are air filled sacs at the terminals of the airway branches | alveoli |
| ventilation is to take in ___ from atm and eliminate co2 from body | oxygen |
| during inhalation the diaphragm ___ and flattens the external intercoastal muscle ___ pushing the rib cage and chest wall up and down | contracts |
| exhalation is when the lungs and chest walls are highly ____ and tend to recoil to their original position following inhalation | elastic. |
| medulla oblongata controls | breathing, ventilaion |
| pulmonary capillaries surround the alveoli which diffuses across ___ ____ an those of the alveoli. | capillary walls |
| Oxygen diffuses from the alveolar air ___ the blood while __ diffuses from the blood into the lungs to be exhaled | into |
| Photosynthesis produces ___ and gives off __ while respiration requires ___ to degrade ____ | Glucose; O2 O2; Glucose |
| glucose DEGERATION. degeneration means | CELLULAR RESPIRATION |
| Fatty acids enter the degrative pathways in forms of | acetyl CoA |
| gas exchange in lung is ____ transport | passive |
| Air travels through a sequence: Put in order: Trachea, larynx, pharynx, alveoli, bronchi | Pharynx, larynx, trachae, bronchi, alveoli |
| chemosynthesis is for simple autotrophic ____ to obtain energy for the manufacture of organic molecule | bacteria |
| Photosynthesis converts ___ and water to form ____ and oxyygen | CO2; glucose |
| in the light rxn, ___ and ___ are formed | ATP and NADPH |
| in the dark rxn, ___ is reduced | CO2 |
| photolysis is known as the ___ rxn | light |
| Cyclcic e- flow: cofactor carrier is ___ | ferrodoxin |
| Noncyclic electron flow: travels from ___ to ___ to transfer ___ for use in the dark rxn | p680 to p700 to transfer NADPH for use in the dark rxn |
| cyclic electrron flow exits to p700 and then has a ____ rxn which returns it back and does not move forward to replenish energ. only produces ___ | redox; ATP |
| ___ escape of high energy electrons from chlorophyll molecules | photoionization |
| ___is where light reactions occur | Grana |
| ___ is site of PSI and PSII. | thylakoids |
| ____ is the light independent reactions occur (like cytoplasm) | Stroma |
| 6 turns of Calvin cycle produces ____ pgal, ___ RBP, ___ glucose, ___ co2 | 12, 6, 1, 6. |
| the sacromere is composed of ___ and ___ filaments | think and thick |
| Thin filaments are chains of ____ molecules | actin |
| Thick filaments are chains of ____ molecules | myosin |
| absolute refractory period is when the muscle is _____ to a stimulus | unresponsive |
| latent period is the time between stimulation and the onset of ____ | contraction |
| During the latent period (lag time) the action potential spreads along the sacolemma and ____ ions are released | CA2+ |
| the link of the _____ is the sacrolemma of the muscle and the nerve terminal | neuromuscular junction |
| summation is when the contractions become ____ when stimuli are so frequent that the muscle ___ relax | continuous; cannot |
| tetanus is when muscles will fatigue and the contraction will ___ | weaken |
| smooth muscle is responsible for involuntary actions by the ___ | ANS |
| smooth muscle is found in the digestive tract, bladder, uterus, and blood vessel walls. T/F? | TRUE |
| myogenic means | capable of contracting to ATP |
| circadian rhythms | animals that associate with the 24hr frame |
| spontaneous recovery | if the stimulus is no longer regularly applies, teh response tends to recover over time. |
| classical or pavolvian condition involves with teh normal ____ responses with an environment stimuus | autonomic |
| salivation reflex has to deal with | arbitray stimulus |
| unconditioned stimulus is the innate reflex. ex: | food for salivation. |
| unconditioned response is like | salivation for a dog when he hears the bell |
| neutral stimulus is a stimulus that has to be combined with an | unconditioned stimulus |
| conditioned reflex is the product of the condition experience. t/f | true |
| position reinforcement | reward for doing something good. |
| negative reinforcement | reward for not doing something bad |
| punishment is a condition to ___ exhibiting a given behavior | stop |
| extinction is gradual ___ of conditioned responses in absence of reinforcement | elimination |
| spontaneous recovery is the recovery of the recovery response after ____ | extinction |
| stimulus generalization is the ability of a conditioned organism to respond to a ____ stimuli but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus | similar |
| stimulus discrimination involves the ability of the learning organism to differentially respond to a slightly ___ stimuli | different |
| efferent neuron has to deal with | motor |
| afferent neuron has to deal with | sensory |
| reproductive displays are____ behaviors found in all animals including humans. | specific. signals in preparaation for mating |
| agonistic displays has to deal with ___ | appeasement such as a dog wagging its tail |
| dominant members of the specieis will prevail over a | subordinate one. |
| pecking order refers to the _____ hierarchy | social |
| olfactory sense is immensely important for ____ | communication |
| pheromones that influence the behavior of the ___ species | same |
| Releaser pheromones trigger a ____ behavior change in the recipient | reversible. |
| primer pheromones produce ____ term behavioral and physiological alterations in recipient animals | long |
| releaser pheromones can also secret as alarm and ____ defensive substances | toxic |
| simplex reflex is controlled by the ___ by a two neuron pathway from receptor (afferent) to the motor (efferent) | spinal cord |
| reticular activating system is when an animal response to potential danger or hearing one's name called. | TRUE |
| abiotic environment is the ___ environment | physical. environment we are living in. |
| biotic environment is the ___ environment | living. people who live in the environment. |
| species is any group of similar organisms that are capable of ___ | reproducing |
| organ systems are made out of | organs |
| organs are made from | tissues |
| tissues are made from | cells |
| cells are made from | molecules |
| molecules are made from | atoms |
| atoms are made of | sub-atomic particles |
| population is a group of organisms of the ___ species living together in a given location | same |
| biotic community refers to only the populations and ___ their physical environment | not |
| ecosystem includes the biotic community and the non-living environment. t/f | true |
| biosphere includes all portions of the planet which support life: atmosphere, lithosphere(rock and soil surface) and hydrosphere (oceans). TF | true |
| photic zone in water, the top layer through which light can be penetrate, is where all aquatic ____ activity take place | photosynthetic |
| aphotic zone only animal life and other heterotrophic ___ exist | life |
| loams contain high percentage of each type of | soil |
| minerals including nitrates and phosphates affect the type of ____ that can be supported | vegetation |
| niche defines the functional role of an organism in its ___ | ecosystem. |
| no two species can ever occupy the same niche. t/f | true |
| herbivores are animals that consume only ___ | plants and plants food |
| symbiotic bacteria is capable of digesting ____ inhabit the digestive tracts of herbivores and allow the breakdown and utilization of cellulose | cellulose |
| carnivores are animals that eat other___ | animals. |
| omnivores are animals which eats _____ and ____ | plants and animals |
| symbionts live____ in an intimate often permanent association which may or may not be beneficial to participants | together |
| commensalism, mutualism, parasitism are types of ____ relationships | symbiosis |
| commensalism is when | one benefits and one is not affected |
| mutalism is when | both organisms benefits |
| parasitism is when | parasite benefits and host dies |
| ectoparasites are parasites that cling to the ___ surface | exterior |
| endoparasites ___ ____ in the host | lives within |
| saprophytism includes protists and fungi that ____ dead organic matter | decompose |
| scavengers are animals which consumes ____ | Dead animals |
| interspecies | relationships between species |
| intraspecific cooperation | formation of societies in animal species |
| hyperosmotic environment means when organisms ___ water and take in sale | lose. ex: saltwater fish. active exertion of salt across gills |
| hyposmotic environment means when the intake of excess water and excess salt ___ | lost. ex: freshwater fish excreting dilute urine. |
| poikilothermic are animals who are ___. the environment ____ their actions. | cold blooded. affects. |
| homethermic are animals who are ____. animals who are homeotherms need to maintain constant body temp than environments so they have _____. | warm blooded. hairs, fats, feathers to retain heat loss. |
| chemosyntthetic bacteria are | producers |
| producers are | autrophic plants |
| primary consumers are animals which consume ____ | green plants aka herbivores |
| secondary consumers are animals who consume | herbivores aka carnivores |
| tertiary consumers are animals who consume | carnivores |
| saprophytic organisms are | decomposers aka bacteria and fungi. |
| Desert Biome: receives less than __ inches a year | 10 |
| Desert Biome: desert animals lie in ___ | burrows, holes. |
| Grassland biome: by a low rainfall of ___ to ___ inch year | 10-30 |
| Grassland biome: no shelter for ____ mammals. ex of mammals are: | herbivorous. zebra, cattle, antelope, bison. |
| Tropic rain forests: are jungles by ___ temperatures and torrential ___ | high, rains |
| Tropic rain forests: monkeys, lizards, snakes, birds, epiphytes(plants growin on other trees) | TRUE |
| Tropic rain forests: trees grow __- | closely together where sunlight hardly reachs teh forest floors. |
| examples of places of Tropic rain forests | amazon basin, sotuheast asian, central africa, central america, amazon basin, southeast asai |
| examples of places of grassland bioles | rockies, steppes of ukraine, pampas of argentina |
| temperate deciduous forest: have ___ winters and ___ summers. ___ rainfalls | cold, warm. moderate. |
| temperate deciduous forest: have trees such as | maple, beech, paks, willows which shed their leaves during cold winter months. |
| animals in temperate deciduous forest: | deer, fox, woodchuck, squirrels |
| temperate deciduous forest: kinda like big bear | true |
| temperate coniferous forest: forests are: | cold and dry |
| temperate coniferous forest trees consist of | pine, fir, spruce trees |
| temperate coniferous forest are areas like | united states and south canada. |
| temperate coniferous forest is like mountain high area | true |
| taiga biome receive ___ rainfall than temperate forest | less. |
| taiga biome have long cold winters and have only one type of coniferous trees aka | spruce |
| taiga biome contains on floors of mostly ___ and ___ | moss and linches |
| animals in the taiga biome include | moose, black bear, wolf, birds. |
| taiga biome consists of areas of ___ and __- | canada and russia |
| tundra biome is ___. froze plain between taiga lands and northern ice-sheets | treeless |
| tundra has a very short ___ and have animals such as ___ | summers. moss, polar bears, musk oxen, arctic hens. |
| polar region is a ___ area with no vegetation and terrestrial animals. | no |
| ____ areas are the most stable ecosystems, conditions affecting temperature, amt of available oxygen, carbon dioxide | aquatic |
| aquatic biomes have two types: ___ and ___ | marine and freshwater |
| in the marine biomes: intertidal zone include: it is exposed at low tides which undergoes variations in temperature and periods of dryness. ex? | algae, sponges, clams, snails, sea urchins, starfish, and crabs. |
| littoral zone is the region on continental shelf which contains ocean area with depth up to 600. these contains algae, crab, crustaceans, and ___ | fish |
| pelgic zone is typical of the open seas and can be divided into ___ and ___ zones | photic and aphotic |
| photic zone is the sunlight layer (250-600ft) which contains plant ___. active swimmers such as fish sharks or whales feed on ___ and smaller fish. autrophic chief is diatom, an algae. | plankton |
| aphotic zone benefit the photic zone which has no sunlight. no photosyntheiss and only ___ exists. very cold water and high pressures and in complete darkness. contains nekton and benthos (crawling and sessile organisms). firecely competive. | hetertrophic |
| freshwater biomes such as rivers, lakes, ponds and marshes. freshwater is ____ creating a diffusion gradient with is a passage of water into cell. | hypotonic |
| turgor is a plant cells that have rigid cell walls and build up cell pressure so water can flow ___ | in |
| symbiotic relationships are ___ term relationships btw two organisms | long |
| black bears living in Yosemite are an example of a __- | population |
| a community includes ___ | all species living in a particular area |
| photic zone receives __ | light |
| aphotic zone has only ___ living | heterotrophic |
| a primary consumer feeds on ___ producers | autotrophic |
| protists are __ cells and are ____. | single. eukaryotic. |
| fungi are _______ plants. they are nonmotile. | non-photosynthetic. |
| fungi are either _____ or ____ | saprophytic or parasitic |
| saprophytic | bread mold. any organism that lives on dead organic matter |
| parasitic | atheleti's food fungus |
| plantae has multicellular organisms and are nonmotile and are ____ | photosynthetic |
| cyanobacteria are ___. have cell walls and photosynthetic pigments with no flagella. nucleus. chloroplasts. mitochondria. can withstand extreme temp and descended from first organisms. | blue green algae living mostly in fresh water |
| cocci are __ shaped | round |
| bacilli are __ shaped | rods |
| spirilla are __ shaped | spiral |
| xylem is ___ conducting | water |
| phloem is ___ conducting | food |
| bryophyta does not contain ___ | xylem |
| bryophyta the ____ is dominant compared to ___ | gametophytes is dom and sporophyte isnt |
| in tracheophyta the ___ is dom compared to ___ | sporophte generation is dominant and gametophyte is short lived. |
| trachelophyta are ___ plants | vascular |
| psilophytes contain ____ instead of roots and one vascular bundle. trachelophyta. | rhizoids |
| lycophyta has ___ and nonwoody and contain microphyll leaves. trachelophyta. | roots. |
| sphenophyta has roots, leaves, olly joined stems where worls of leaves occur on each joint. this division is part of the ______ | trachelophyta |
| pterophyta is the largest division and includes ferns. they grow in length not in width. they grow from an undergrown stem known as ___. trachelophyta | rhizome. |
| tracheophta have deep roots instead of rhizoids and helps them grow in great hights because of the woody support system. cellular water storage creats ___ cells. | turgid |
| ___ are the largest grouping of gymnosperms | conifers |
| megaspores are | female |
| microspores are | male |
| molluscas have calcium carbonate exoskeletons, chambered hearts, blood sinuses, nerve cords. ex: | claims, snails and squid |
| annelids has a coelem (true body cavity contained in mesoderm). ex: | earthworms and leeches |
| nematods are ___. they have digestive tubes and anus with mesoderm. lacks circuatory systems. ex: | roundworms. hookworm, trichinea, freeliving soil. |
| platyhelminthes are _____. bilaterally symmetrical. | flatworms. |
| cnadarians only have _ layers of cells. | 2: ecto and endo |
| cnadaris have ___ symmetrical | radial |
| ex of cnadarians are: | hydra, jelly fish, coral, sea anemones |
| ____ is an example of a chordate that is not a vertebrate | amphioxus. |
| chordates have __ | notochord |
| vertebreate has a __- | backbone |
| arthropoda are insects that have _______ appendages, chitinous exoskeletons and open circulatory systems | joint. |
| three types of anthropods are: | insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. |
| archnids are examples of | spiders, scorpions |
| crustaceans are examples of | lobser, crayfish, shrimp |
| enchinoderms are those who can ____ body parts | regenerate |
| chordates have | notochords in early stages of embryologic development. |
| lanchelets and tunicates, amphioxus are ___ but not ___ | chordates; vertebrates |
| petrification is the process in which minerals ___ the cells of organisms | replace |
| CASTs are formed by minerals deposited in ___ | molds. |
| analogous means similar structure but ___ origin | different |
| homologous means similar structure, ___ origin | same |
| natural selection is when genotypes with favorable variations are selected through natural selection and the frequency of the favorable genes ____ within the gene pool | increases |
| mutations changes ___ frequencies in a population, shifting equilibrium | allele |
| genetic drift is also known as the | founder's effect - changes in composition of gene pool due to chance. |
| gene flow - migration of individual between population will result in a loos or gain of genes thus change teh composition of a populations gene flow. TF | TRUE |
| deme is a ___ local population | small |
| genetic variation, changes in environment, migration to new environments, adaptation to new environments, natural selection and isolations are all factors of | speciation |
| adaptive radiation is the emergence of a number of a ___ ancestral species | single |
| convergent evolution is when two different classes come to appear like each other physically based on their adapting to the same ___ | niche. environment. |
| parallel evolution is when its one origin and separates through time because of separate environments but growing together. true/false | true |
| divergent is from one ___ ancestor and because of different involvements changes to two separate species | common |
| first primitive cells probably contained ___ polymers | nucleic acid |
| autotrophic anaerobes include | chemosynthetic bacteria |
| autotrophic aerobes include | green plants and phytoplankton |
| heterotrophic anaerobes include | yeast |
| heterotrophic aerobes include | amoebas, earthworms, humans |
| convergent evolution is when organisms differ phylogenetically develop in similar ways when exposed to similar ___ | environments |
| directional selection is when the phenotypic norm of a particular species shifts towards an ___ to adapt to a selective pressure | extreme |
| genetic drift aka chance variation has a great effect in ___ population | smaller |
| homologous structures are similar in origin but not similar in ___ | function |
| filtration in the kidneys where blood plasma enters the ____ through capillary walls surround bowman's capsule. | glomerulus |
| filtration in the kidneys is ___ with blood plasma | isotonic |
| secretion in the kidneys occur in the | nephron tubule |
| secretion in the kidneys secretes ___, ___ and __- | acid, base, ions |
| reabsorption in the kidneys secrete ___, ___ and ___ | glucose, salts and amino acids |
| reabsorption in the kidneys reabsorbs filtrate and return to __ | blood |
| reabsorption in the kidneys is ____ to blood | hypertonic |
| reabsorption in the kidneys occurs in the | proximal convoluted tubule |
| lowest solute of the osmolarity gradient in the kidneys to highest solute are ____ to ____ | cortex to inner medulla |
| osmolarity gradient and concentration of urine are located in the | collecting tubule |
| osmolarity gradient collects ___, ___ and ___ | water, salts and urea |
| concentration of urine in the medulla of the kidney is ___ | hyperosmolar |
| sutures hold bones and ___ together | skull |
| ligaments serve as ____ to ____ connectors | bone to bone |
| insertion of a bone is the point of attachment of a ___ to ___ that moves | muscle to bone |
| flexion is ___ of a joint | bending |
| extension is ____ a joint | straightening |
| muscle tissue consist of bundles of specialized ___ | contractile fibers |
| myofibrils in skeletal muscles are divided into ___ | sarcomeres |
| myogenic means that they are capable of contracting without stimulus from nerve cells. examples include: __ and __ | smooth and cardiac |
| cerebellum has to do with ___ coordination | motor. without cerebellum people can lose balance. |
| cerebrum deals with ___ and __ | sensory and memory. |
| thymus is involved in development, maturing, and education of _ cells. | T |
| renin is in response to ____ in blood pressure and volume | decrease |
Created by:
Andrewvo
Popular DAT sets