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APUSH Unit 7
me and my 150 word vocab test... that also happens to be tommorrow
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Alfred Thayer Mahan | Naval officer and historian who emphasized the importance of sea power for national strength. |
| Queen Liliuokalani | Last queen of Hawaii, overthrown by American businessmen and the U.S. government. |
| Pan-American Conference | Meetings between the U.S. and Latin American countries to strengthen trade and political ties. |
| Jingoism | Extreme nationalism that supports aggressive foreign policy. |
| Cuban Revolt | Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule in the late 1800s, leading to U.S. involvement. |
| Yellow Journalism | Sensationalized and exaggerated news stories to attract readers, used to stir support for the Spanish-American War. |
| De Lôme Letter | A letter from a Spanish diplomat criticizing President McKinley, increasing tensions before the Spanish-American War. |
| Teller Amendment | U.S. promise that it would not take control of Cuba after the Spanish-American War. |
| Platt Amendment | U.S. policy allowing intervention in Cuba and establishing a naval base at Guantanamo Bay. |
| Sphere of Influence | A region where one country has economic or political control, especially in China during the 1800s. |
| George Dewey | U.S. naval commander who defeated the Spanish fleet in the Philippines during the Spanish-American War. |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | Filipino leader who fought against Spain and later against U.S. rule in the Philippines. |
| Rough Riders | Volunteer cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish-American War. |
| Hawaii | Annexed by the U.S. in 1898 after the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani. |
| Theodore Roosevelt | 26th U.S. president, known for progressive reforms, conservation efforts, and his "Big Stick" foreign policy. |
| Open Door Policy | U.S. policy that called for equal trade opportunities in China. |
| Boxer Rebellion | Anti-foreigner uprising in China, suppressed by an international coalition including the U.S. |
| Panama Canal | Waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, built by the U.S. after supporting Panama’s independence from Colombia. |
| William Howard Taft | 27th U.S. president, promoted "Dollar Diplomacy" to expand U.S. business interests abroad. |
| Dollar Diplomacy | U.S. foreign policy encouraging American investment in Latin America and Asia. |
| Roosevelt Corollary | Theodore Roosevelt’s addition to the Monroe Doctrine, stating the U.S. could intervene in Latin America to maintain stability. |
| Russo-Japanese War | War between Russia and Japan (1904-1905), with Theodore Roosevelt helping to negotiate peace. |
| Puerto Rico | U.S. territory gained after the Spanish-American War. |
| Woodrow Wilson | 28th U.S. president, known for leading the U.S. during World War I and promoting the League of Nations. |
| Moral Diplomacy | Wilson’s foreign policy focusing on supporting democratic governments and opposing imperialism. |
| Pragmatism | A philosophy emphasizing practical solutions over rigid ideologies, influential in the Progressive Era. |
| Ida Tarbell | Muckraking journalist who exposed the unfair practices of Standard Oil. |
| Jacob Riis | Photographer and journalist who exposed poor living conditions in urban tenements. |
| Muckrakers | Investigative journalists who exposed corruption and social issues during the Progressive Era. |
| Florence Kelley | Social reformer who fought for child labor laws and improved working conditions. |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | Deadly factory fire in 1911 that led to stronger workplace safety regulations. |
| 16th Amendment | Established the federal income tax. |
| 17th Amendment | Allowed direct election of U.S. senators by voters. |
| 18th Amendment | Prohibited alcohol (Prohibition era). |
| Square Deal | Theodore Roosevelt’s policy for fair treatment of workers, businesses, and consumers. |
| Mann-Elkins Act | Law that strengthened government regulation of railroads and communication industries. |
| The Jungle (Upton Sinclair) | Novel exposing the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to food safety laws. |
| "Bull Moose" Party | Progressive political party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 after splitting from the Republicans. |
| Booker T. Washington | African American leader who promoted vocational education and economic self-reliance. |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | Civil rights activist who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for immediate racial equality. |
| NAACP | Organization founded to fight racial discrimination and promote civil rights. |
| Alice Paul | Women's suffrage leader who pushed for the 19th Amendment. |
| 19th Amendment | Granted women the right to vote. |
| Lusitania | British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine, pushing the U.S. closer to entering World War I. |
| Preparedness | Movement advocating for U.S. military readiness before entering World War I. |
| Zimmerman Telegram | Secret German message proposing an alliance with Mexico against the U.S., leading to U.S. entry into WWI. |
| John J. Pershing | U.S. general who led American forces in World War I. |
| George Creel | Head of the U.S. propaganda agency promoting support for World War I. |
| Bolsheviks | Communist group that took control of Russia in 1917, leading to the Soviet Union. |
| Fourteen Points | Woodrow Wilson’s post-WWI plan for peace, including the League of Nations. |
| League of Nations | International organization created after World War I to promote peace, but the U.S. never joined. |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | U.S. senator who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. |
| Self-determination | The idea that people should have the right to choose their own government, promoted after WWI. |
| Reparations | Payments Germany was forced to make after WWI to compensate for war damages. |
| Mobilization | The process of preparing a nation’s military and economy for war. |
| Liberty Bonds | Government-issued bonds sold to raise money for World War I efforts. |
| Spanish Flu | A deadly influenza pandemic that spread worldwide in 1918-1919, killing millions. |
| Schenck v. United States | Supreme Court case ruling that free speech could be limited during wartime if it presented a "clear and present danger." |
| Selective Service Act | Law that established a military draft in the U.S. during WWI. |
| The Red Scare (1st) | A period of fear in the U.S. after WWI about the spread of communism and radical leftist ideas. |
| Palmer Raids | Government raids led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to arrest suspected communists and anarchists. |
| Nativism | The belief in favoring native-born Americans over immigrants, leading to restrictive immigration policies. |
| Sacco & Vanzetti | Italian immigrant anarchists who were controversially convicted and executed for robbery and murder. |
| The Great Migration | The movement of African Americans from the rural South to northern cities for better opportunities. |
| Fundamentalism | A religious movement emphasizing a literal interpretation of the Bible, popular in the 1920s. |
| Traditionalism | The belief in preserving cultural and religious traditions, often clashing with modernism. |
| Henry Ford | Founder of Ford Motor Company, revolutionized the car industry with mass production. |
| Assembly Line Process | Manufacturing method that increased efficiency by having workers perform specialized tasks on a moving conveyor belt. |
| Art Deco | A popular decorative art style of the 1920s-30s, known for geometric shapes and bold designs. |
| Charles Lindbergh | First person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. |
| Modernism | A cultural movement embracing new ideas, science, and artistic expression, challenging traditional values. |
| Scopes Trial | 1925 court case debating the teaching of evolution in public schools, pitting science against religion. |
| “Scarface” Al Capone | Infamous gangster who controlled Chicago’s illegal alcohol trade during Prohibition. |
| Margaret Sanger | Activist who promoted birth control and founded Planned Parenthood. |
| Harlem Renaissance | A cultural and artistic movement celebrating African American identity in the 1920s. |
| “Jazz Age” | A term for the 1920s, highlighting the popularity of jazz music and cultural changes. |
| Marcus Garvey | Black nationalist leader who promoted the "Back to Africa" movement and economic independence for African Americans. |
| Warren G. Harding | 29th U.S. president, known for scandals and the “Return to Normalcy” campaign. |
| “Return to Normalcy” | Harding’s campaign promise to return America to pre-WWI ways. |
| Teapot Dome | A major government corruption scandal involving illegal oil leases during Harding’s presidency. |
| Calvin Coolidge | 30th U.S. president, known for promoting business and limited government involvement in the economy. |
| Herbert Hoover | 31st U.S. president, blamed for not doing enough to combat the Great Depression. |
| Alfred E. Smith | First Catholic presidential candidate, lost the 1928 election to Hoover. |
| Great Depression | A severe economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash of 1929 and lasting through the 1930s. |
| Black Tuesday | October 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed, marking the start of the Great Depression. |
| Federal Reserve | The U.S. central banking system, responsible for regulating money supply and interest rates. |
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff | A high tariff that worsened the Great Depression by reducing international trade. |
| Bonus Army/Bonus March | WWI veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 to demand early payment of bonuses, forcibly removed by the government. |
| RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation) | Government agency created to provide loans to banks and businesses during the Great Depression. |
| 19th Amendment | Granted women the right to vote. |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | 32nd U.S. president who led the country through the Great Depression and World War II. |
| 21st Amendment | Repealed Prohibition (18th Amendment), making alcohol legal again. |
| Three Rs | Roosevelt’s New Deal goals: Relief (for the needy), Recovery (for the economy), and Reform (to prevent future crises). |
| First New Deal | FDR’s early programs to combat the Great Depression, including bank reforms and public works projects. |
| Fireside Chats | FDR’s radio speeches to reassure and inform the public during the Great Depression. |
| AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act) | Paid farmers to reduce crop production to raise prices. |
| PWA (Public Works Administration) | Funded large-scale infrastructure projects to create jobs. |
| CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) | Provided jobs for young men in environmental conservation projects. |
| TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) | Built dams and provided electricity to rural areas. |
| NRA (National Recovery Administration) | Set fair wages and prices to stabilize industries. |
| SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) | Regulated the stock market to prevent fraud. |
| FHA (Federal Housing Administration) | Provided home loans and mortgage insurance. |
| CWA (Civil Works Administration) | Created temporary public works jobs. |
| WPA (Works Progress Administration) | Funded jobs in construction, art, and education. |
| FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) | Insures bank deposits to prevent bank failures. |
| Social Security Act | Established pensions for the elderly, unemployment insurance, and aid for the disabled. |
| Eleanor Roosevelt | First Lady, activist for civil rights, women’s rights, and humanitarian causes. |
| Huey P. Long | Louisiana senator who proposed the “Share-the-Wealth” program to redistribute wealth and challenge FDR’s New Deal. |
| Father Charles E. Coughlin | Catholic priest and radio personality who criticized the New Deal and promoted anti-Semitic views. |
| Dr. Francis E. Townsend | Proposed a government pension plan for the elderly, influencing Social Security. |
| Share-the-Wealth Program | Huey Long’s plan to tax the rich and provide financial support to the poor. |
| Second New Deal | FDR’s second wave of New Deal programs focusing on social welfare and labor rights. |
| Court Reorganization Plan | FDR’s failed attempt to add more justices to the Supreme Court to pass his policies. |
| Fair Labor Standards Act | Established minimum wage, maximum working hours, and child labor restrictions. |
| Dust Bowl | Severe drought and dust storms in the 1930s that devastated farms in the Great Plains. |
| Okies | Displaced farmers, mainly from Oklahoma, who migrated to California during the Dust Bowl. |
| Indian Reorganization Act | Reversed assimilation policies and restored some tribal self-government. |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | An international agreement that aimed to prevent war but lacked enforcement. |
| Dawes Plan | A U.S.-led plan to restructure Germany’s war reparations and stabilize its economy. |
| Good Neighbor Policy | FDR’s approach to improving U.S. relations with Latin America by reducing intervention. |
| Fascism | A political ideology that emphasizes nationalism, dictatorship, and suppression of opposition. |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist dictator of Italy during World War II. |
| Adolf Hitler | Nazi leader of Germany who initiated World War II and orchestrated the Holocaust. |
| Nazi Party | The German political party led by Hitler, promoting fascism, anti-Semitism, and militarism. |
| Isolationism | The U.S. policy of avoiding foreign conflicts, dominant before WWII. |
| Neutrality Acts | Laws passed in the 1930s to prevent U.S. involvement in foreign wars. |
| America First Committee | A group opposing U.S. intervention in WWII before Pearl Harbor. |
| Francisco Franco | Fascist leader of Spain who came to power after the Spanish Civil War. |
| Winston Churchill | Prime Minister of Britain during WWII, known for his leadership and speeches. |
| Joseph Stalin | Communist dictator of the Soviet Union, aligned with the Allies during WWII. |
| Blitzkrieg | “Lightning war” strategy used by Germany to quickly conquer territories. |
| Cash and Carry | Policy allowing the U.S. to sell arms to nations if they paid in cash and transported them themselves. |
| Lend-Lease Act | Allowed the U.S. to send military aid to Allied nations before officially entering WWII. |
| Pearl Harbor | December 7, 1941, Japanese attack on a U.S. naval base, leading to U.S. entry into WWII. |
| War Production Board (WPB) | Managed U.S. war production and industrial output during WWII. |
| Manhattan Project | Secret U.S. program to develop atomic bombs. |
| Office of War Information | Government agency that controlled war propaganda and public information. |
| Women’s Army Corps (WAC) | Women’s branch of the U.S. Army during WWII. |
| Smith v. Allwright | Supreme Court case ruling that racial discrimination in primaries violated the Constitution. |
| Tuskegee Airmen | The first African American military pilots who fought in WWII. |
| Braceros | Mexican workers brought to the U.S. for agricultural labor during WWII. |
| Korematsu v. U.S. | Supreme Court case that upheld the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII. |
| “Rosie the Riveter” | Symbol of women working in factories during WWII. |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | Supreme Allied Commander in Europe who led the D-Day invasion. |
| D-Day | June 6, 1944, Allied invasion of Normandy, France, marking a turning point in WWII. |
| Battle of Midway | Key naval battle in the Pacific that turned the tide against Japan. |
| Island Hopping | U.S. strategy of capturing key islands to move closer to Japan. |
| Kamikaze | Japanese suicide pilots who crashed planes into enemy targets. |
| Douglas MacArthur | U.S. general who led Pacific campaigns and oversaw post-war Japan. |
| J. Robert Oppenheimer | Lead scientist of the Manhattan Project. |
| Nagasaki & Hiroshima | Japanese cities where the U.S. dropped atomic bombs, leading to Japan’s surrender. |
| USS Missouri | The battleship where Japan officially surrendered, ending WWII. |
| Harry S. Truman | U.S. president who decided to drop the atomic bombs and led post-war efforts. |
| Casablanca Conference | 1943 meeting where Allies agreed on the unconditional surrender of Axis powers. |
| Yalta Conference | 1945 meeting where Allied leaders planned post-war Europe and discussed the United Nations. |
| The United Nations | International organization created after WWII to promote peace and cooperation. |
| Atomic weapons | Nuclear bombs developed in WWII, changing warfare and global politics. |
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