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APUSH Period 6
REVIEW
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| THE GILDED AGE | The 1880s and 1890s were years of unprecedented technological innovation, mass immigration, and intense political partisanship, including disputes over currency, tariffs, political corruption and patronage, and railroads and business trusts. |
| Rockefeller | founded the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust. Rockefeller is known for being very charitable later in life, but he is still one of the wealthiest Americans in history |
| J.P. Morgan | known for reorganizing businesses to make them more profitable and stable and gaining control of them. Reorganized several major railroads and became a powerful railroad magnate. Funded General Electric, U.S. Steel, and International Harvester. |
| Carnegie | had amassed business interests in iron works, steamers on the Great Lakes, railroads, and oil wells. He was subsequently involved in steel production, and built the Carnegie Steel Corporation into the largest steel manufacturing company in the world. |
| Boss Tweed | American politician most notable for being the political boss of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party's political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th-century New York City and State. New York City, U.S. (Helped the rich get richer) |
| Social Darwinism | the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform. |
| Social Gospel | Aims to apply Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, unclean environment, child labor, lack of unionization, poor schools, and the danger |
| Gospel of Wealth | The 'Gospel of Wealth' was an article written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889. Carnegie, a steel magnate, argued that very wealthy men like him had a responsibility to use their wealth for the greater good of society. |
| Conspicuous consumption | Conspicuous consumption is the act of displaying ostentatious wealth to gain status and reputation in society. The theory was first discussed by American economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen in his book, “The Theory of the Leisure Class,” in 1899. |
| Monopolies/Trusts | Trusts are the organization of several businesses in the same industry and by joining forces, thereby limiting competition. Monopolies are businesses that have total control over a sector of the economy, including prices. |
| Pendleton Civil Service Act | The Pendleton Civil Service Act was adopted in 1883. It required government jobs to be awarded to individuals based upon merit and not political affiliation. The Pendleton Act also made it illegal to fire government workers solely for political reasons. |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | The Sherman Antitrust Act refers to a landmark U.S. law that banned businesses from colluding or merging to form a monopoly. Passed in 1890, the law prevented these groups from dictating, controlling, and manipulating prices in a particular market. |
| Interstate Commerce Act | Approved on February 4, 1887, the Interstate Commerce Act created an Interstate Commerce Commission to oversee the conduct of the railroad industry. With this act, the railroads became the first industry subject to Federal regulation. |
| Horatio Alger | American author who wrote young adult novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to middle-class security and comfort through good works. |
| Haymarket Square bombing | This protest is one of a number of strikes, demonstrations, and other events held by workers and their supporters in Chicago from May 1-4 to advocate for an eight hour workday. |
| POPULIST PARTY PLATFORM | called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers. |
| Granger Movement | Granger movement, coalition of U.S. farmers, particularly in the Middle West, that fought monopolistic grain transport practices during the decade following the American Civil War. |
| Munn v. Illinois | landmark Supreme Court case decided in 1877 that upheld the right of states to regulate private industries that affect public interests, specifically focusing on grain elevator rates in Illinois. |
| William Jennings Bryan | a key figure in the rise of progressive movements, promoting social reforms like women's suffrage and anti-imperialism. dominant force in Democratic Party, running 3 times as the party's nominee for President in the 1896, 1900, and 1908 elections. |
| Interstate Commerce Commission | the Interstate Commerce Act created an Interstate Commerce Commission to oversee the conduct of the railroad industry. With this act, the railroads became the first industry subject to Federal regulation |
| Gold Standard Act | The Gold Standard Act, passed in 1900, established gold as the sole standard for redeeming paper currency, effectively tying the U.S. dollar to a specific amount of gold. |
| Mary Lease | the child of immigrants and wife of a farmer, but most importantly she was the leader of the Populist Party. She campaigned for more rights for farmers out west. |
| Jacob Coxey | he led "Coxey's Army", a group of unemployed men who marched to Washington, D.C., to present a "Petition in Boots" demanding that the United States Congress allocate funds to create jobs for the unemployed. |
| Mechanization of Agriculture | The development of engine-driven machines, like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s- decreased family style farms |
| UNIONS | The American labor movement goes back to late 1800s when the industrial revolution took hold, and factory jobs for skilled and unskilled laborers were plentiful but working conditions were terrible. |
| Knights of Labor | the first major labor organization in the United States. The Knights organized unskilled and skilled workers, campaigned for an eight hour workday, and aspired to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked. |
| American Railway Union | The American Railway Union was founded in response to the harsh working conditions and low wages faced by railroad workers during the late 19th century. Aimed to organize all railway workers into a single union to gain influence |
| The Industrial Workers of the World | a labor organization that sought to organize workers along the lines of industrial unions rather than the specialized trade, or craft, unions of the American Federation of Labor. |
| American Federation of Labor | NOT immersed in national political issues. Instead, it focused on obtaining the right to bargain collectively for wages, benefits, hours, and working conditions. The pursuit of labour reform was removed from the agenda of American workers. |
| Homestead Strike | a violent labour dispute between the Carnegie Steel Company and many of its workers that occurred in 1892 in Homestead, Pennsylvania. The striking workers were all fired on July 2, and on July 6 private security guards hired by the company arrived. |
| Pullman Strike | The Pullman Strike (May–July 1894) was a widespread railroad strike and boycott that disrupted rail traffic in the U.S. Midwest in June–July 1894 |
| Eugene V. Debs | instrumental in the founding of the American Railway Union (ARU), one of the nation's first industrial unions. After workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company organized a wildcat strike over pay cuts in the summer of 1894, Debs signed many into the ARU. |
| IMMIGRATION & REFORM | Cool stuff happening |
| Jane Addams | progressive social reformer and activist, was on the frontline of the settlement house movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries1880s-1920s; respected for winning Nobel Peace Prize in 1931, the first American woman to receive this honor. |
| Jacob Riis | Jacob Riis was an American newspaper reporter, social reformer, and photographer. With his book How the Other Half Lives (1890), he shocked the conscience of his readers with factual descriptions of slum conditions in New York City. |
| Florence Kelley | Florence Kelley was an American social and political reformer who fought for government regulation to protect working women and children. She was the first female factory inspector in the United States. |
| Patterns of immigration | Most immigrants in the early 1800s were coming from western and northern European nations like Britain, Ireland, and Germany. Later in the century, more and more were coming from southern and eastern European nations like Italy, Poland, and Greece. |
| Urban life during the Gilded Age | Rural Americans and new immigrants crowded into urban areas. Tenements spread across city landscapes, teeming with crime and filth. Most Americans did not benefit from modern developments |
| WESTWARD EXPANSION | Farming and improved farming, More Land, Small farmers oriented to national and international markets, and giant agricultural enterprises. Cowboys a symbol of free life. Technology encouraged by eastern and European companies. |
| Dawes Severalty Act | to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream US society by annihilating their cultural and social traditions. As a result of the Dawes Act, over ninety million acres of tribal land were stripped from Native Americans and sold to non-natives. |
| Homestead Act | The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property. This policy led to the rapid development of the American West despite arid conditions which were unsutible for settlment . |
| Morrill Land Grant | First proposed when Morrill was serving in the House of Representatives, the Morrill Land Grant College Act of 1862 set aside federal lands to create colleges to “benefit the agricultural and mechanical arts.” |
| Sand Creek Massacre | was an atrocity in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a peaceful village of Cheyenne |
| Wounded Knee | While attempting to disarm the Sioux, a shot was fired and a scuffle ensued. The US army soldiers opened fire on the Sioux, indiscriminately massacring hundreds of men, women, and children. The few Sioux survivors of the battle fled. |
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