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Test 1 Review
For HIST 2112
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Vertical Integration | Gaining ownership upstream or downstream the supply chain. ex(a car manufacturer takes control of a mine and delivery companies.) |
| Horizontal Integration | Gaining ownership of same industry businesses. ex(a car manufacturer buys nearby car manufacturers.) |
| Gospel of Wealth | Good comes from money, and wealthy people should give away their money in order to help society. |
| Mail Order Catalog | A catalog shipped by mail, where you can buy items shipped by mail. Made popular by Sears and Roebuck |
| Haymarket Square Riots | A labor protest turned violent after a bomb was thrown at police. May 4, 1886. |
| Anarchism | A political philosophy and movement seeking to abolish unnecessary institutions. Against the state and capitalism. |
| Knights of Labor | A labor union of the 19th century, welcomed diverse members. |
| American Federation of Labor | The largest union of its time, fought for workers' rights, including better pay, working conditions, and the right to bargain collectively. |
| Pullman Strike | A nationwide labor conflict that took place from May 11 to July 20, 1894. The strike was a response to wage cuts, layoffs, and firings at the Pullman Palace Car Company. Workers required to live in Pullman town. |
| International Workers of the World (IWW) | Founded in 1905, mission to give workers more political power. Wanted to destroy the capitalist system and replace it with workers' unions. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson/"Separate but Equal" | Supreme Court Case, 1896. Upheld racial segregation laws, establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine. |
| Atlanta Compromise | Speech by Booker T. Washington, advocating that African Americans should focus on education and economic gain, and accept segregation |
| W.E.B Dubois | Civil Rights Activist, co-founded NAACP and opposed Booker T. Washington's approach. Advocated for immediate civil rights and higher education for African Americans. |
| Ida B. Wells | Journalist and activist; anti-lynching campaign and efforts in civil rights and women's suffrage. |
| Manifest Destiny | 19th-Century belief that the U.S. was destined to expand westward across North America |
| Homestead Act | 1862 Law granting 160 acres of free land to settlers who would farm it for five years, promoting Westward expansion |
| Exodusters | African Americans who migrated from the South to Kansas after the Civil War to escape racial discrimination |
| Sodbusters | Farmers on the Great Plains who had to break through thick sod to cultivate crops. |
| Great Sioux War | 1876-1877. Series of conflicts between the U.S. government and the Lakota Sioux over land, particularly after the discovery of gold in the Black Hills. |
| Battle of Little Big Horn | 1876 battle where Sioux and Cheyenne warriors, led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, defeated General Custer and his troops. |
| Dawes Severalty Act | 1887 Law that aimed to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal land into individual allotments and encouraging farming |
| Wounded Knee | 1890 massacre of over 250 Lakota Sioux by U.S. Army, marking the end of large-scale Native American resistance. |
| Assimilation | Process of absorbing minority groups into the dominant culture, often by force or coercion, as seen in policies targeting Native Americans. |
| Tenements | Overcrowded, unsanitary apartment buildings in urban areas that housed poor immigrants and working-class families. |
| Nativists | People who opposed immigration, believing it threatened American culture and jobs. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | 1882 first major U.S. law restricting immigration, banning Chinese laborers. |
| American Protective Association | Anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant organization that sought to limit immigration and protect "American" culture. |
| Social Darwinism | Idea that natural selection applies to human society, used to justify economic inequality and imperialism. |
| Patronage System | Practice of awarding government jobs to political supporters, leading to widespread corruption. |
| Pendleton Act | 1883 law that established the civil service system and required government jobs to be awarded based on merit instead of political loyalty. |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | 1890 first federal law aimed at restricting monopolies ad promoting fair competition in business. |
| People's Party (Populist Party) | Political movement of farmers and laborers in the late 19th century that advocated for government regulation of railroads, free silver, and direct election of senators. |
| Alfred Mahan | Naval strategist who argued for a strong navy and overseas expansion in his book The Influence of Sea Power upon History. |
| Anti-Imperialist League | Group that opposed U.S. expansionism and colonial rule over foreign territories, particularly the Philippines. |
| Yellow Journalism | Sensationalized and exaggerated news reporting to influence public opinion, especially during the Spanish-American War. |
| USS Maine | American battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898, leading to the Spanish-American War. |
| Spanish-American War | 1898 Conflict between the U.S. and Spain that resulted in U.S. control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. |
| Philippine-American War | 1899-1902 Armed conflict between Filipino nationalists and the U.S. after the Philippines was annexed following the Spanish-American War. |
| Platt Amendment | 1901 Gave the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and maintain a naval base at Guantanamo Bay. |
| Open Door Policy | U.S. policy advocating equal trade opportunities in China without European interference. |
| Panama Canal | Waterway built by the U.S. (1904-1914) to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, significantly improving trade and military movement. |
| Roosevelt Corollary | 1904 Extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting U.S. right to intervene in Latin America to maintain stability. |
| Muckrakers | Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices in the early 1900s. |
| Social Gospel | Religious movement that applied Christian ethics to social problems, such as poverty and inequality. |
| Settlement Houses/Hull House | Community centers, like Jane Addams’ Hull House, that provided social services to immigrants and the poor. Hull House was the most popular settlement house. |
| Wisconsin Idea | Progressive reforms in Wisconsin that promoted government efficiency, direct primaries, and regulation of big business. |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | 1911 Factory fire that killed 146 workers, leading to labor reforms and workplace safety laws. |
| Jacob Riis | Photojournalist who exposed urban poverty in How the Other Half Lives. |
| The Jungle | 1906 Novel by Upton Sinclair that exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry. |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | 1906 Law that required labeling of ingredients and banned harmful substances in food and medicine. |
| Meat Inspection Act | 1906 Law that established sanitation standards and government inspections for the meatpacking industry. |
| Federal Reserve Act | 1913 The U.S. government created the Federal Reserve System to regulate banking and monetary policy. |
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