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Social Studies Mock
| Definition | |
|---|---|
| Industrial Jobs in Cities | In the mid-19th century, factories in cities created many job opportunities. This led people to move from rural areas to urban centers, contributing to rapid city growth and urbanization. |
| Mercantilism | An economic policy where colonies existed to benefit the mother country. British control over colonial trade angered American colonists, leading to the American Revolution. |
| Slavery | The key issue dividing Northern and Southern states. The North opposed its expansion, while the South relied on it for their agricultural economy, leading to the Civil War. |
| Thomas Paine | Author of "Common Sense," a pamphlet that inspired American colonists to seek independence from Britain by arguing for self-governance |
| Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. He argued for states' rights and the continuation of slavery in the South. |
| Free Enterprise | An economic system where private businesses operate competitively for profit with little government interference. It encourages innovation and entrepreneurship. |
| Spoils System | Practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs. President Andrew Jackson used this system, leading to government corruption and inefficiency. (Hiring all of his friends because he has power) |
| German Immigration | In the 19th century, many Germans moved to the U.S. seeking better economic opportunities, political freedom, and available farmland, significantly impacting American culture and economy. |
| The North Star | An anti-slavery newspaper published by Frederick Douglass. It exposed the harsh realities of slavery and advocated for the abolition of slavery and equal rights for African Americans. |
| Marbury v. Madison | 1803 Supreme Court case that established judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional, strengthening the judicial branch's authority. M&M=Jolly Rancher (Marbury V Madison =Judicial Review) |
| Poll Taxes and Literacy Tests | Laws used in Southern states after Reconstruction to prevent African Americans from voting by requiring fees or reading tests, despite the Fifteenth Amendment guaranteeing voting rights. |
| Eighth Amendment | Part of the Bill of Rights that prohibits excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishments, ensuring fair treatment in the judicial system. |
| First Amendment | Protects freedom of religion by preventing Congress from making laws that establish a national religion or restrict religious practices, promoting religious diversity in the U.S. |
| Fifteenth Amendment | Ratified in 1870, it granted African American men the right to vote, aiming to provide equal political participation during Reconstruction, though voting restrictions persisted. |
| Battle of Gettysburg | A turning point in the Civil War fought in 1863. It was the deadliest battle, leading to President Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, which emphasized equality and national unity. |
| Federalist Party | Led by Alexander Hamilton, it supported a strong national government, a national bank, and promoted manufacturing, favoring wealthy, educated leaders. |
| Monroe Doctrine | A policy announced by President James Monroe in 1823 declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization, establishing the U.S. as a protector of the Americas. |
| Northern Immigration | In the 19th century, immigrants moved to Northern U.S. cities for jobs in factories and better living conditions, contributing to the region's economic growth and cultural diversity. |
| Citizen Responsibilities | U.S. citizens are expected to obey the law |
| House of Burgesses | The first representative assembly in colonial America, established in Virginia in 1619, allowing colonists to make local laws and influencing democratic practices in the U.S. |
| Know-Nothing Party | A political party in the 1850s that opposed immigration and Catholic influence, reflecting nativist attitudes and fears of cultural change in the U.S. |
| Property Rights/Unalienable Rights | Philosopher John Locke argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property (pursuit of happiness), influencing American political ideas about individual freedoms and government limits. |
| Shipbuilding and Whaling | Major industries in New England due to its excellent harbors and access to the Atlantic Ocean, contributing to economic growth and international trade. |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | Signed in 1848, it ended the Mexican-American War, giving the U.S. vast southwestern territories but increased tensions over slavery in the new lands. |
| Louisiana Purchase | In 1803, the U.S. bought 530 million acres from France for $15 million, doubling its size, securing control of the Mississippi River, and promoting westward expansion. |
| Hamilton vs. Jefferson | Hamilton supported a national bank to stabilize the economy, while Jefferson opposed it, arguing the Constitution didn’t grant that power, sparking debates on federal authority. |
| Freedmen’s Bureau | Established in 1865 to help newly freed African Americans by providing food, housing, education, and legal assistance during Reconstruction. |
| Limited Government | The idea that government power is restricted by law, usually in a constitution, to protect individual rights and prevent tyranny. |
| Separation of Powers | Dividing government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. |
| Federalism | Sharing power between state and national governments, balancing control to protect states’ rights while maintaining national unity. |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | Agreement counting enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation, increasing Southern political power. |
| Fugitive Slave Act | Required citizens to assist in returning escaped enslaved people, angering Northerners and strengthening the abolitionist movement. |
| Gettysburg Address | Lincoln’s 1863 speech honoring soldiers who died at Gettysburg, redefining the Civil War as a struggle for equality and freedom. |
| James K. Polk – "54°40' or Fight" | President Polk’s slogan demanding Oregon Territory up to latitude 54°40'. He threatened war with Britain but later agreed to the 49th parallel as the border in 1846, expanding U.S. land westward. |
Created by:
Ms.Alvarado
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