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Unit 3 Vocab Terms
AP Human Geography (8 Subsections)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Culture | Sum of human experience by a group of people living together. It’s all the things that make up our daily lives. |
| 4 Divisions of Culture | Material, Non-Material, Folk/Local, and Popular/Global |
| Material Culture | Made up of things people make and often give value to, such as cars, homes, or athletic wear worn by famous athletes. (Physical Items) |
| Non-Material Culture | Made of ideas, practices, or beliefs of a society, which are often considered dear to the group. |
| Popular/Global Culture | found in large heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in personal characteristics, spreads across regions |
| Folk/Local Culture | traditionally practiced by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas. |
| Material Culture falls under what 2 divisions? | Folk/Local and Popular/Global Culture |
| Indigenous culture | culture traits of native groups that have retained their unique culture in place of colonial/global culture |
| Ethnocentrism | Practice of analyzing/judging a culture by the standards of one's own culture. |
| Cultural Relativism | Practice of not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal. |
| Cultural Traits | Elements developed through social interaction that are transmitted or communicated in some form. |
| Xenophobia | Fear of other cultures |
| Cultural Landscape | The combination of cultural, economic, and natural elements that make up any landscape depending on the culture of the area. |
| Spatial Pattern | Arrangement or distribution of objects or events in space |
| Gendered Space | Certain public or private spaces are often reserved for one gender or another, depending on culture. |
| Placemaking | A process in which a community or cultural group gets together to plan public space |
| Ethnicity Influences.. | Goods and services available, architecture, or where people live, creating ethnic enclaves. |
| Ethnic Enclaves | Areas that tend to conjugate with one particular ethnic group |
| Religion Influences.. | Toponyms, architecture, and even who can live where. |
| Centripetal | Things that unify a group of people (Common language, sense of nationalism, pride in Olympic team, etc.) |
| Centrifugal | Things that divide a group of people (Ethnic discrimination, economic inequality, humans rights issues, etc.) |
| Taboo | A restriction on behavior imposed by social customs. (Cows are seen as holy so Hindus do not eat them, Muslims and Jews don't eat pork due to their religious identity.) |
| Diffusion | Process by which a cultural element, idea, practice, or technology spreads from one place to another |
| Types of diffusion | Relocation and Expansion |
| Relocation Diffusion | Occurs when people move from their original location to another and bring their innovations/ideas with them. |
| Expansion Diffusion | The spread of an idea through a population where the amount of those influenced grows continuously larger, stays at the hearth. |
| Expansion Diffusion also includes.. | Contagious, stimulus, hierarchical, and reverse hierarchical diffusion. |
| Contagious Diffusion | The cultural phenomenon spreads rapidly to almost everyone. |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | Ideas spread hierarchically–starting with someone of power in society and spreading down the social hierarchy to some people. Can also be that it starts in large cities and eventually spreads to smaller towns. |
| Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion | Ideas spread the reverse of hierarchically–from less populated areas and smaller towns up to larger cities and people of power. |
| Stimulus Diffusion | The full idea does not spread, but the main/underlying idea spreads. |
| Maladaptive Diffusion | Adoption of diffusing traits that are not practical or reflective of a region's environment or culture. |
| Types of Barriers | Cultural, Physical, Political, Distance, Economic |
| Distance Decay (Barrier) | The farther one thing is away from another, less contact there will be. |
| Cultural Barriers | Language, religion, age, and ethnicity |
| Physical Barriers | Mountains or oceans in the way |
| Political Barriers | Government blocks the internet or doesn’t allow religion, etc. |
| Economic Barriers | Not having the money to spend, or products not being available where you are, or more expensive where you are. |
| Lingua Franca | Language mutually understood by the members of a society |
| Cultural Hearth | A place where an idea, innovation, or civilization was born (origin point from the spread of diffusion) |
| What happens to cultural ideas, practices, and innovations over time? | They change and disappear over time |
| Why do they change and disappear over time? | They are socially constructed and affected by both small and large scale processes. |
| List 2 Large Scale processes.. | Globalization and Urbanization |
| Globalization Scale | The increasing connection of economic, cultural, and political characteristics across the world |
| Urbanization Scale | The process where a growing proportion of a population moves from rural areas to urban areas, resulting in the expansion and development of cities |
| Language Families | Group of languages that have a distinct origin. |
| Language Groups | Has similarities with words even in different languages. Example: English--Mother Spanish–Madre |
| Language Dialects | Regional variances of how a language is spoken. |
| Language Isogloss | A boundary defined by linguistic differences (different accents & words) |
| Universalizing Religion | Religions that seek to appeal to all people and spread their teachings and beliefs to as many people as possible |
| Ethnic Religion | Stay close to their hearth, within a specific group and don’t actively seek converts |
| Branches Religion | A large fundamental branch of a religion |
| Denomination Religion | A subgroup of a religion that operates under a common name and tradition, among other activities. |
| Monotheistic Religion | Worshiping one deity |
| Polytheistic | Worshiping multiple deities |
| Diaspora | The dispersion or spread of people from their original homeland. (Usually forced migration) |
| Animism (Shamanism) | The belief that all objects, animals, and beings are “animated” or possess a spirit and a conscious life. Also called shamanism because of the prominence of a Shaman. |
| Acculturation | When a group of people in one culture adopts traits from another. |
| Creolization/Syncretism | The process of mixing of cultural traits, primarily languages. |
| Multiculturism | Cultural diversity within a society, often because of immigration |
| Assimilation | When a minority group eventually adopts the prominent culture; sometimes it is somewhat forced |
| Sequent Occupancy | How different people, cultures, and organizations have left their mark on a geographic location over time |
| Cultural Divergence | When individuals become separated from different aspects of their culture (may lead people to abandon certain cultural traits) |
| Cultural Convergence | When different cultures merge together to form one mass culture, often times in the form of a modern or global culture |
| Universalizing religion examples: | Christianity, Islam, Buddism, and Sikhism |
| Ethnic Religion examples: | Hinduism and Judaism |
Created by:
victoriaaphuman
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