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unit 4 apush 4.5-4.9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what states made up the old northwest? | Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota |
| what events brought this frontier land more closely tied to the north northwest? | military campaigns by federal troops that drove American Indians from the land in the building of canals and railroads that established common markets between the Great Lakes and the East Coast |
| what were the main crops of the northwest? | corn and wheat |
| what two inventions with the inventor made agriculture more efficient | The steel plow by John Deere and the mechanical reaper by Cyrus McCormick |
| what were harvest used for in the northwest? | to feed cattle and hogs into supply distillers in brewers with grain for making whiskey and beer |
| what was the impact of the Lancaster Turnpike? | it connected Philadelphia with reach farmland and stimulated the construction of other privately built and relatively short toll roads that eventually connected most of the countries, major cities |
| why was construction of roads across state line unusual | States rights advocates block the spending of federal funds on the internal improvements |
| what were the exceptions to the unusual Miss of roads being built across state lines | The national or Cumberland Road a paved Highway in major route to the west extending more than 1000 miles from Maryland to Illinois |
| what were the effects of the construction of the Erie Canal? | One lower food prices in the east two more immigrants settling in the west three stronger ties between the two states four length the economics of western farmers and eastern cities, five improve transportation, six economic growth |
| what was the impact of the steam engine? | it revolutionized the location of factories and allowed for higher immigration rates |
| what was the impact of Robert Fulton's Clermont and other steamboats | they made shipping goods, faster and cheaper |
| how did the railroad impact small western towns? | made them become commercial centers |
| did the south rely on railroads? | no, they have more access to waterways than railroads |
| what was the impact of the telegraph? | it made messages available almost instantly |
| what was the impact of interchangeable parts? | parts could be mass produced |
| what change was made to state corporation laws what was the result of those changes? | they facilitated the raising of the large psalms of Necessary for building factories, canals, and railroads |
| what stimulated US manufacturing? | interchangeable parts |
| why did New England dominate American manufacturing? | they had the most water power for new machinery usage, and amazing seaports for shipping goods |
| what industries grew as a result of the growth of the factory system | maritime, banking, and insurance |
| Who was recruited to work in factories in the lowell system? | Young farm women |
| why did artisans have to seek employment in factories? | they're small shops could not compete with lower priced mass produced goods |
| what led to unhappiness amongst factory laborers? | Long hours low and poor working conditions |
| List some goals of many trade unions | reduce the work day to 10 hours increase pay and better working condition conditions |
| in the 1800s farming became more of a______ enterprise and less of a means to provide _________ for the family to do to: | commercial; subsistence large lands were available to low prices in the west, state banks, gay farmers loan loans with low interest rates, canals, and railroads, open new markets in factory cities in the east |
| what impact did the continent industry have on the south? | southern farmers were profiting and let them trade for other manufactured goods |
| The impact of the market revolution resulted in the development of what | A distinctively American culture, an increase in religious fervor, and support from various reform movements |
| what made the end of self-sufficient households? | specialization on the farm, growth of cities, industrialization, development of modern capitalism |
| Standard of living in most areas did what during the market getting revolution? | increased |
| how did working life for women change in this time? | they no longer worked next to their husbands on the family farms |
| where did most women work during the market revolution? | domestic service or teaching |
| what happened to women when they married? | they left their jobs and took up duties in the home |
| what was the cult of domesticity? | as more men worked away from home, women took control as moral leaders within the home |
| in what other ways did life change for women during the market revolution? | they wanted less children and arranged marriages became less common |
| social mobility from _________ to generation was __________. | generation, present |
| there was more economic opportunity in the US than where? | Europe |
| describe what happened in the US to the American immigrant African-American and native populations | American population doubled almost 4,000,000 immigrants entered the US African-American populations increased steadily and natives declined about 5% |
| why did the number of immigrants from Europe increase so dramatically between 1830 and 1860 | The development of inexpensive and relatively rapid ocean, transportation, famine, and revolution in Europe, that drove people from their homeland, growing reputation of the US as a country, offering economic opportunities and political freedom |
| why did you immigrants move to the south | The plantation economy and slavery, limited the opportunity for free labor |
| how did immigration impact the American economy? | strengthened it by providing inexpensive labor, and an increased demand for mass produced consumer goods |
| as urban population increase so did slumps describe life in the slums | crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious disease, and high rates of crime |
| why did people continue to move to urban areas? | New opportunities provided by the industrial revolution |
| why did cities like Buffalo Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago grow | they served as transfer points processing form products for shipment to the east and distributing manufactured goods from the east to their region |
| what happened as manufacturing increased? | goods became less expensive, standard of living improved, and middle class grew |
| why did workers organize unions? | problems with low pay, long hours, and unsafe work conditions |
| what was the decision made in Commonwealth versus hunt | peaceful unions had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers |
| what victory did unions win in the 1840s | The law establishing a 10 hour workday |
| what was unique about the US to European visitors? | they could not distinguish between classes |
| what was becoming a governing principle of American Society? | equality |
| Who actually benefited from the American idea of democracy | Whites |
| Who was the hero of the Age? | A self-made man |
| Who took up the fight for equal rights by the 1840s | feminist |
| what factors contributed to the spread of democracy? | New suffrage laws changes in political parties and campaigns improved education and increases in newspaper circulation |
| Who were the first dates to adopt universal man suffrage? | Indiana in 1816, Illinois in 1818, in Missouri in 1821 |
| why did voting for president increase so much by 1840? | Changes in voting law (universal manhood suffrage) |
| what was the king caucus? | A closed door meeting of a political parties leaders in Congress |
| what was a nominating convention and who was the first group to hold one? | where party politicians and voters would gather enlarge meeting hall to nominate the parties candidates; anti-masonic party |
| what was the result of the two party system? | they needed large political parties and national campaigns |
| describe the beliefs of the working men's party | unite artisans and skilled laborers |
| describe the beliefs of the anti-masons | tried to expose an undermine secret societies |
| what change gave voters more voice in their government | State and local officials are voted for |
| describe some positive and negative effects of political campaigning | provided entertainment and tore down opponents |
| Who did Jackson give federal jobs to? | democrats |
| what is the spoil system? | practice of disposing government jobs in return for party loyalty |
| what was Jackson's rotation in the office system? | limiting a person to one term in office to then appoint a different deserving democrat |
| what did both the spoil system and the rotation system affirm | any man could hold any government office |
| The 1820s and the president of Andrew Jackson are offered referred to as the age of what man | common |
| why was the election of 1824 controversial? | Jackson lost despite more popular votes and more electoral vote |
| Who ran in 1824 what was the initial result of that election? | John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, Andrew Jackson; Jackson won more popular and electoral votes, but did not win |
| why did Jackson supporters say there was a corrupt bargain? | they claimed that the decision of the voters had been foiled by secret political maneuvers |
| what actions did Adams take as president further upset Jackson supporters | he asked Congress for money for internal improvements, aid and manufacturing, a national university, and an astronomical observatory |
| what was the tariff of abominations? | A tariff wall that satisfied northerners, but alienated southern planters |
| what was unique about the campaign leading up to this election? | Mudslinging occurred |
| Who won and why in 1828 | Jackson because he got the support of the south and west |
| what made Jackson unique? | he had no college education and was from the west |
| why did Jackson Vito 12 congressional balls? | he was a strict constitutionalist |
| what was Jackson's kitchen cabinet? | cabinet of loyal allies |
| why did John C Calhoun resign? Who replaced him as vice president and why? | Jackson tried to force the cabinet wives to accept Peggy Eaton, his recently deceased wife, socially; Martin, Van Buren, because he remained loyal to Jackson |
| what was the Indian removal act? | it forced the settlement of thousands of American Indians |
| what was the bureau of Indian affairs? | it assisted the settlement of tribes |
| what was the federal Supreme Court's decision in Cherokee nation versus Georgia? | Cherokee's were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in federal court |
| what was the state court decision in Worcester versus georgia | The walls of Georgia had no force within Cherokee territory |
| Who did Jackson side with? | The state |
| what was the trail of tears? How many died? | when the US Army forced 15,000 Cherokee to leave georgia; 4000 died |
| what is the notification theory and to which tariff was it applied to? | each state has the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void; tariff of 1828 |
| between Calhoun and Jackson, who supported the federal government and who supported the states | Jackson supported the federal government, and Calhoun supported the states |
| what happened in South Carolina in 1832 | A convention passed a resolution forbidding collection of tariffs within the state |
| what is the force bill? What was the proclamation of the people of South Carolina? | Jackson was given authority to act against South Carolina; said nullification and disunion were treason |
| what resolved the crisis of the force bill and proclamation of the people of South Carolina | Congress lowered the tariff |
| how did Jackson feel about slavery? | he was against anti-slavery and sided with the south |
| how did Jackson feel about the national bank? What did he eventually do to it? | he believed it was unconstitutional and veto the bill to recharter it |
| what were supporters of Jackson called? What did they support? | democrats and they supported almost all anti-federalist beliefs |
| what were supporters of Henry Clay called? And what did they support? | wigs and they supported almost all federalist ideas |
| how did Jackson kill the national Bank? | withdrawing all federal funds |
| how did Jackson causes the panic of 1837? | he issued an order called the specie circular that said all future purchases had to be made in species which is gold and silver |
| Who won the election of 1836? | Van Buren |
| what were the issues according to the Democrats and where did they get support from? | opposed a national bank, opposed protective, tariffs, opposed federal spending on internal improvement, concerned about land price in the west, concerned about monopoly; south and west and urban workers |
| what were the issues of the wig party and where did they get their support from? | they supported a national bank, supported, protective, tariffs, supported federal spending for internal improvements, concerned about crime associated with immigrants; New England and mid Atlantic states and urban professionals |
| why were the wigs confident they would beat Van Buren in 1840? | they were better organized and had a war hero, William Henry Tippecanoe Harrison for their candidate |
| what happened to Harrison? | he died of pneumonia less than a month after taking office |
| describe some actions taken by President John Tyler was he a Whig? | no, he vetoed bank bills, and favored, southern and expansionist Democrats |
| by 1850 most Native Americans were living where | pass the Mississippi river |
| what happened to those who had lived in the east if they were Native American | they had to move to Indian reservations, or they had been killed in battle or by disease |
| what was life like for natives in the Great Plains? | some lived on a farm in villages, but some where nomadic hunters |
| what did the frontier represent? | A fresh start for those willing to go |
| Who were the mountain men and what purpose did they serve? | they served as Pathfinders in the far west Rockies area and we're early white men |
| what was life like on the frontier? | The same as early colonial days |
| why was the lifespan of women on the frontier shorter? | isolation, endless work, and rigors of childbirth |
| what happened to the environment as people moved west | soil depleted in some animals also were endangered |
| what happened to the beaver in Buffalo populations as hunting increased in the west | they went almost extinct |
| what was the new generation of Americans in the 19th century primarily concerned with? | westward expansion |
| outline some ways, nationalism was evident in early American culture | art, school books, and art by Gilbert Stewart, Charles, Wilson, Peele, and John Trumbull |
| what was romanticism? | A shift towards institution, feelings, an individual acts of heroism |
| describe the beliefs of transcendentalist thinkers like Ralph Waldo, Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau | they questioned churches and business practices and thought nature connected them to God |
| Transcendentalism emphasize, discovering one's inner self and looking for the essence of what in nature | God |
| what kind of reform movements did transcendentalist support? | anti-slavery |
| describe what thorough did to himself to search for essential truths about life in the universe | lived in a log cabin for two years |
| what was the impact of Rose Walden? | he was remembered as a pioneer ecologist, and conservationalist |
| why was Thoreau's Walden jailed | he refused to pay taxes to support Mexican American war |
| what was on civil disobedience and who did it inspire? | It was reflections on the necessity for disobeying unjust laws, and accepting the penalty |
| what was Brooke Farm? | Communal experiment for intellectuals |
| what did George Ripley do? | he was a protestant minister |
| what did Margaret Fuller do? | she was a feminist |
| what did Theodore Parker do? | he was a theologian and radical reformer |
| what did Nathaniel Hawthorne do? | he was a novelist |
| what ended book farm and how was it remembered? | fire and debts; atmosphere for artistic creativity |
| what were the shakers? | One of the first communal living experiments with separation of powers |
| what was the characteristic of the Amana colonies? | germans, under pietism and simple communal living |
| what was a characteristic of new Harmony? | it was secular and hoped to find solution to alienation |
| what was characteristics of the Oneida community? | The idea of perfect social and economic equality and shared prosperity and marriage partners |
| what is a character characteristic of fourier phalanxes | they share work and housing communities |
| what was genre painting | every day, life of ordinary people doing ordinary things |
| name a few famous painters, and what they were known for | George Caleb Bingham was known for domestic chore paintings; William S Mount was known for lively and rural paintings; Thomas Cole and Frederick Church were known for heroic beauty in the US being symbolized in their paintings |
| what was the Hudson River school? | Express the romantic ages fascinations with the rural world |
| what architecture was adapted to glorify the Democratic spirit of the American republic | Greek |
| why did people want to read more about Americans at this time? | because of the war of 1812 people became more nationalistic |
| what was the impact of Washington Irving? | he wrote fiction like the legend of sleepy Hollow |
| what was the impact of James Finnemore Cooper? | leather stocking tales, notability of scouts and settlers on American frontier |
| what is the impact of Nathaniel Hawthorne? | question the intolerance and conformity in American life |
| what was the impact of Herman Melville | reflected the theological and cultural conflict of the era |
| what was the impact of Edgar Allan Poe? | irrational errors of human behaviors |
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