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Cell Regulation
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cell | basic building block, all body tissue and organs composed of |
| ribosomes | where protein synthesis occurs |
| nucleus | control center, holds DNA, RNA synthesis site |
| cytoplasm | fluid outside nucleus |
| golgi apparatus | modifies substances made in ER and packs in secretory vesicles |
| lysosomes | digestive system of cell |
| mitochondria | where cellular respiration occurs |
| semi-permeable barrier | contains receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, other chemical signals, ion transporters |
| cellular edema | excess fluid enters into cell's internal environment causing swelling |
| cellular dehydration | intracellular fluid leaks out of cell causing cell to shrink |
| Where is sodium high? | outside cell |
| Where is potassium high? | inside cell |
| What does the sodium-potassium pump cause? | muscle movement, movement of fluids + energy across cell |
| ATP | energy produced through cellular respiration |
| Only organelle to contain own DNA? | Mitochondria |
| Aerobic metabolism | requires oxygen and glucose |
| Anaerobic metabolism | oxygen not available (hypoxia) |
| Net yield of aerobic metabolism | 34 ATP |
| Net yield of anaerobic metabolism | 2 ATP |
| Etiology | original cause of cellular alteration or disease |
| Homeostasis | a condition of equilibrium when various physiologic factors are within normal limits |
| Allostasis | body's way of adapting to acute stress to maintain homeostasis |
| Allostatic Load | new normal is set (homeostasis changed level) |
| Cellular adaptation | protective mechanism to prevent cellular and tissue harm because of stressors |
| Pathognomic changes | unique histological findings that represent distinct disease processes |
| Histology | microscopic study of tissues and cells for diagnostic purposes |
| Biopsy | extraction of cell samples from an organ or mass of tissue to allow for histological examination |
| Differentiation | process of maturation (simple form --> specialized type) |
| Atrophy | decrease in work demand leads to shrinkage of cells |
| Hypertrophy | enlarging cells due to excessive use |
| angiogenesis | creation of new blood vessels |
| Hyperplasia | increase in # of cells in organ or tissue; not cancerous |
| Metaplasia | normal cell, replaced by abnormal cell |
| Dysplasia | deranged cell growth; not cancerous, but can become |
| Anaplasia | no normal cells; beginning of cancer |
| Neoplasia | disorganized, uncontrolled cell growth; cancerous |
| benign | slow growing, doesn't spread |
| malignant | fast growing, robs areas of nutrients |
| metastasis | move or break loose |
| free radical | reactive chemicals unpaired with electrons |
| hypoxia | low oxygen in tissue |
| immunological reactions | immune system turns on itself |
| arteries | blood to body |
| veins | blood back to heart |
| antherosclerosis | build up of plaque which leads to occulsion of arteries |
| Hyperglycemia | high blood sugar |
| Hyperlipidemia | high lipids or fats in the blood |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| prostate cancer | decreased apoptosis |
| spinal muscular atrophy | increased apoptosis |
| emia | blood |
| oxia | tissue |
| escemia | lack of oxygenated blood to tissues |
| infarction | death of tissue because of prolonged escemia |
| necrosis | cell death due to injury |
| gangrene | prolonged ischemia, infarction, and necrosis; occurs after cells die |
| wet gangrene | bacteria invade tissue - swells. odor, oozes |
| dry gangrene | no blood supply, tissue dries shrinks, turns black |
Created by:
lwoodwo
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