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Semester 1
Made by Sam brandt
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Louis XIV | Sun King of France; ruled for 72 years built Versailles |
| Louis XV | grandson of Louis XIV; grandfather of Louis XVI; Was almost killed by an assassination attempt |
| Louis XVI | married to Marie-Antoinette; four children; weak ruler who believed in absolutism. King when French Monarchy ended |
| Versailles | palace outside of Paris; seat of government |
| Marie-Antoinette | wife of Louis XVI; came from Austria; uncontrollable spending; not well-liked by the French people |
| war debt | American Revolution; Seven Years War |
| royal debt | maintaining Versailles Marie-Antoinette's dress allowance gambling entertainment jewelry |
| First Estate | members of the clergy (church); about 1% of the population owned 10% of land paid little in taxes |
| Second Estate | members of the nobility; about 3% of the population owned 80% of the land paid little in taxes |
| Third Estate | all other members of society; about 96% of the population; paid almost all of the taxes |
| bourgeoisie | wealthy merchants and artisans who owned land and paid heavy taxes; about 8% of the population |
| city workers | paid low wages and high taxes; often rioted when food supplies were short |
| peasants | about 80% of the population; paid most of the taxes |
| Estates-General | meeting called by Louis XVI to try to solve France's financial crisis; began on May 5 1789 |
| National Assembly | members of the Third Estate that decided during the Estates-General to write a constitution for France |
| Tennis Court Oath | agreement by the National Assembly to continue to meet despite Louis XVI's opposition to write a constitution for France |
| Storming of the Bastille | mob of angry peasants and city workers who tore down a French prison looking for weapons and gunpowder to defend themselves against the king's army; July 14 1789 |
| Great Fear | July 20-August 5 1789; belief by the peasants that there was a plot to starve them; they attacked the churches and nobility all over France |
| August 4 1789 | National Assembly abolishes feudalism forever; takes away rights for the First and Second Estates |
| Reign of Terror | September 15 1793-July 28 1794; time when many people who were thought to be against the revolution were arrested and executed |
| guillotine | execution device used during the Reign of Terror known as the National Razor |
| Committee of Public Safety | temporary government of France during the Reign of Terror; led by Robespierre; conducted trials and executions |
| Maximilien Robespierre | leader of the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror; eliminated religion and fair trials; was shot in the face then executed |
| results of the French Revolution | end of feudalism end of the monarchy (for a while) church came under government control use of the metric system bourgeoisie and the land owners became the dominant social class tax and legal codes were made more fair idea of democracy spread |
| Women's March | 6 000 poor women of Paris attacked Versailles on October 5 1789 to demand bread; they forced the royal family to come back to Paris |
| Prince Henry's School of Navigation | school for Portuguese sailors; used to find a route to India |
| Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese sailor who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in southern Africa |
| Vasco de Gama | Portuguese sailor who sailed around Africa and made it to India |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian who sailed for Spain and discovered the New World in 1492 |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese sailor who sailed for Spain trying to become rich; crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe |
| Francis Drake | English sailor who became the first captain to successfully circumnavigate the globe |
| circumnavigate | to completely sail around the world |
| sailing instruments | astrolabe compass sextant maps triangular sails |
| realism | art technique where people and objects looked as real as possible |
| perspective | painting people and objects to look like they appear three dimensional |
| sfumato | art technique where lines are blurred or smokey |
| chiaroscuro | art technique where there are sharp contrasts between light and dark |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Italian artist scientist and inventor best know for painting the Mona Lisa and Last Supper and designing hundreds of machines. |
| foreshortening | art technique where people or objects are painted to appear at different angles to the viewer |
| absolutism | belief that a monarch had complete and total power |
| Louis XIV | king of France for 72 years built Versailles |
| Frederick William | king of Prussia known as the Soldier King |
| Frederick the Great | king of Prussia; wanted to be a philosopher king tolerated all religions encouraged art and music |
| Maria Theresa | Only Female Empress of Austria-Hungary mother of 16 set up schools and hospitals |
| Joseph II | emperor of Austria-Hungary ruled with his mother abolished serfdom. |
| Peter the Great | emperor of Russia; built a navy and tried to westernize Russia |
| Catherine the Great | empress of Russia; established a school system encouraged advancements in literature art and music |
| divine right of kings | belief that a monarch has been chosen by God and answers only to Him |
| sale of indulgences | practice of the Catholic Church to offer forgiveness of sins if people paid money to the church |
| Martin Luther | German monk who wrote and posted the 95 Theses; a list of grievances against the Catholic Church |
| 95 Theses | list of complaints written by Martin Luther to protest the actions of the Catholic Church |
| Peter Waldo | French leader of the Poor of Lyon; was excommunicated by the Catholic Church |
| John Calvin | Swiss religious reformer who set up a strict religious theocracy in Switzerland |
| predestination | John Calvin's belief that God has a plan for everyone that cannot be changed |
| Huldrych Zwingili | Swiss religious reformer who set up a theocracy but was defeated by a Catholic army |
| Henry VIII | English king who broke away from the Catholic Church to set up the Church of England because they wouldn't grant him a divorce |
| Henry VIII's wives | divorced beheaded died divorced beheaded survived |
| Anabaptists | believed in the separation of church and state; thought no one should be baptized until they were old enough to make their own decision |
| Council of Trent | meeting of the Catholic Church to decide how to handle the Protestant Reformation; decided to stick to what they had been doing and not make any compromises |
| Huguenots | protestants in France who fought against the Catholics |
| Edict of Nantes | granting of rights to the Huguenots in heavily-Catholic France |
| Thirty Years War | a series of wars between Catholics and Protestants in Europe between 1618-1648 |
| Peace (Treaty) of Westphalia | agreement to end the Thirty Years War and allow countries to choose their own religion |
| Protestant Reformation | series of events where different groups broke away from the Catholic Church and formed their own Christian religions |
| Magna Carta | great charter signed in 1215 by King John of England where written laws were put in place to limit the power of the monarch |
| English Civil War | war between the Cavaliers and Roundheads in England from 1642 to 1646 |
| Charles I | English king and leader of the Cavaliers who was executed during the English Civil War |
| Oliver Cromwell | leader of the Roundheads who defeated the Cavaliers in the English Civil War and became military dictator of England |
| Cavaliers | supporters of King Charles I in the English Civil War; wanted to preserve the monarch in England |
| Roundheads | supporters of Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War; wanted to end the monarchy in England |
| Charles II | King of England known as the merry monarch who restored the monarchy after Oliver Cromwell's death |
| Parliament | lawmakers who run the government in England |
| English Bill of Rights | set of laws adopted in England in 1689; the monarch cannot be a Catholic and basic rights given to people |
| Glorious Revolution | overthrow of James II; William and Mary became joint monarchs; kept England a protestant country |
| Johannes Gutenberg | invented movable type/printing press; printed the 42-line Bible |
| Nicholas Copernicus | Polish astronomer who believed in heliocentrism |
| Galileo Galilei | Italian scientist who developed telescopes proved the theory of heliocentrism and was punished by the Catholic Church |
| Francis Bacon | English scientist and writer who helped develop the steps of the scientific method |
| Isaac Newton | English scientist and philosopher who developed the laws of gravity and motion; worked with calculus |
| Tycho Brahe | Danish astronomer who explained supernovas built observatories |
| inventions of the Renaissance and Enlightenment | clocks pocket watches lenses matches blood transfusions flush toilets |
| humanism | belief that all humans have self-worth and dignity; people should enjoy life and develop their skills and talents |
| vernacular | writing in the local language instead of just Greek or Latin; made books and other writings more accessible to common people |
| Vitruvian Man | drawing by Leonardo da Vinci using ratios and proportions of the human body |
| Transmission | The acquisition or gathering of new ideas |
| Trade | Way that new Ideas spread throughout Europe |
| Anglo-Saxons | barbarians who were the first speakers of Old English; settled in England |
| Black Plague | epidemic that spread throughout Europe in the mid-1300's |
| Burgundians | barbarians who settled in eastern France and Switzerland; helped fight back the Huns |
| Celts | barbarians from Ireland and Scotland; known for head hunting and coloring their hair fiery red during battle |
| Crusades | series of religious wars intended to recapture the Holy Land from the infidels |
| Franks | barbarians who unified parts of France Spain Belgium and Switzerland; greatest leader was Charlemagne |
| Huns | barbarians who came from Asia and attacked Europe's cities; led by Attila |
| Jews | religious group frequently blamed for the Black Plague |
| Lombards | barbarians who defeated the Ostrogoths on the Italian peninsula; leaders were called "duces" |
| Middle Ages | time period from the fall of the Roman Empire until the beginning of the Renaissance |
| Ostrogoths | barbarians who tried to take over the Italian peninsula but were stopped by the Romans and Lombards |
| Urban II | pope who ordered the First Crusade |
| Vandals | barbarians who stormed through France and Spain; settled on the North African coast and became pirates |
| Vikings | Barbarians who plundered Britain; sailed to and settled in Iceland Greenland and Canada |
| Visigoths | barbarians from eastern Germany who settled in Spain; converted to Christianity and gave away all their land |
| Apprentice | teenager bound to a master to learn a trade without pay. |
| Journeymen | Level in a Guild after Apprentice. Was paid for his labor but didn't own their own business. |
| bishop | supervisor of local churches. |
| cardinal | adviser to the pope; responsible for choosing the next pope |
| chivalry | code of behavior knights were expected to follow |
| excommunication | removal as a member of the Catholic Church; communion banned |
| feudalism | system of protection given for services in a response to the threat of barbarians |
| fief/fiefdom | land controlled by a lord |
| guild system | organization of similar business owners who controlled a craft; served as leaders of towns |
| heraldry | the art of blazoning assigning and marshalling a coat of arms |
| keep | stone building used to protect lords and their vassals from attacks |
| knight | a vassal of a lord who provided at least 40 days of military service per year |
| lord | person who provides protection to a vassal in return for services |
| master | person who perfected the skills of a craft. Could own their own business. |
| monk | Catholic Church member who takes vows of poverty chastity and obedience |
| motte and bailey castle | a tower build on a mound of dirt and surrounded by a wooden fence |
| murder hole | small openings in a castle to drop boiling liquid or stones on enemies |
| nuns | "Brides of Christ" who acted as nurses for the Catholic Church |
| page | boy aged 7-13 who began training as a knight |
| peasant | poor free farmer who worked the land for a lord |
| Manorialism | political economic and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord. |
| Stealing/Theft | Most common crime in the Middle Ages. |
| Etruscans | ancestors of the Romans; came to Italy after starving in Asia Minor |
| Romulus | founder of Rome who became king; killed his brother in a dispute over the size of the city walls |
| Remus | founder of Rome who was killed by his brother |
| Palatine Hill | Place where the she-wolf Lupa raised the twin brothers. Eventually became the site of the the new city of Rome. |
| Rhea Silvia and Mars | Birth Parents of Romulus and Remus. |
| Sabines | tribe whose women were stolen by the men of Rome |
| tebenna | clothing that later became the Roman toga |
| April 21 753 BCE | date of the founding of Rome according to legend |
| consul | one of two executive leaders of the Roman Republic; served for one year and ran the government and army. Typically a military leader. |
| veto | means "I forbid" and could be used to stop the passage of laws |
| Senate | group of 300 wealthy male citizens who served for life and proposed laws |
| praetor | leader who ran the court system in the Roman Republic |
| Twelve Tables | foundation of all laws used during the Roman Republic |
| patricians | wealthy aristocrats and landowners. Originally the only people allowed to be senators. |
| plebeians | poor and working class people: soldiers artists farmers craftsmen. Allowed to participate in government only by voting. |
| SPQR | Senatus Populusque Romanus: motto of the Roman Republic |
| tribunes | leaders chosen to watch out for the rights of the plebeians in the government of the Roman Republic |
| Punic Wars | three wars fought between Carthage and Rome |
| Hannibal | leader of Carthage during the 2nd Punic War. Was exiled and committed suicide after his defeat. |
| Augustus | first emperor of Rome; defeated Marc Antony; once called Octavian; ruled for over 40 years |
| Pax Romana | period of peace time under Augustus |
| Praetorian Guard | security guards of the emperor who often determined who would be the next emperor |
| Caligula | One of Rome's worst rulers. Known for his madness and brutality. Was killed by his own Praetorian Guard. |
| Claudius | Became Emperor after Caligula's death. Born with a childhood illness. Conquered Britain during his reign. |
| Colosseum | Roman arena used for public entertainment; could hold 50 000 people and be filled with water for mock naval battles |
| Forum | Roman marketplace |
| Nero | Known for his cruelty and greed. Persecuted Christians. Very artistic and liked to play music. Was sentenced to death by Senate but committed suicide instead. |
| Cincinnatus | Roman statesman who was given total power to defend Rome; defeated the enemy and gave up all power |
| Julius Caesar | general who conquered Gaul and Egypt; asked to be voted dictator for life but was killed by the Senate because he threatened their power |
| Brittania | northernmost province of the Roman Empire; now called the United Kingdom |
| Gaul | modern-day France; conquered by Julius Caesar |
| Carthage | north African empire defeated by the Romans in the Punic Wars |
| Latin | language that unified the provinces of the Roman Empire |
| what is 120,000,000 relative to the roman empire | number of people in the Roman Empire at its height |
| what is 2,200,000 relative to the roman empire | number of square miles in the Roman Empire at its height |
| public baths | place of exercise socializing and discussing politics |
| villa | large home for wealthy patricians |
| Festival of Saturnalia | public holiday where Romans gambled played games and ate; dedicated to the god Saturn |
| Jesus Christ | born and lived in the Roman province of Judea |
| Gospels | writings about the "good news" Jesus spread to his disciples |
| crucifixion | Roman practice of torture where a person is nailed to a cross |
| mercenaries | foreign soldiers from areas outside the Roman Empire that were hired for the army |
| barbarians | tribes who attacked the Roman Empire: Vandals Visigoths Huns |
| Byzantine Empire | eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived until the 1400's when the western half fell to the barbarians |
| war elephants | animals used by Hannibal of Carthage to attack Rome |
| checks and balances | safeguards in the government of the Roman Republic so that no one had too much power |
| Hadrian | Great Traveler. Realized Rome was to large to defend and pulled armies back to defensive points. Created Hadrian's wall in in Britain. |
| Constantine | Known as Constantine the Great. First christian emperor. Reunited the Eastern and Western parts of the Roman Empire during his reign. |
| Knossos | Palace of the Minoans on Crete |
| Crete | Island where the first European civilization began. Minoans lived there. |
| Minoans | First European civilization; established on the island of Crete off of Greece |
| Mycenaeans | First civilization established on mainland Greece |
| Bull Leaping | rite of passage for boys and girls in the Minoan culture |
| Sir Arthur Evans | British archaeologist who discovered the palace at Knossos |
| Tholoi | Burial chamber for important Mycaneans |
| hilltops/mountains | location of Mycenaean cities; used for protection |
| minotaur | monster who lived in the labyrinth |
| Homer | blind poet credited with writing the Iliad and the Odyssey |
| Iliad | epic Greek poem by Homer that tells the story of Achilles and Hector near the end of the Trojan War |
| Odyssey | epic Greek poem by Homer that tells the story of how Odysseus overcame many obstacles to make it home after the end of the Trojan War |
| Trojan Horse | epic story of how the Greeks fooled the Trojans with an offering to Athena to win the Trojan War |
| Epics | Stories written by Ancient Greeks. Typically told a story of a hero going on a quest. |
| Spartan women | freedom to move around the city; could run businesses and own property; expected to give birth to healthy babies who could fight |
| Acropolis | main hill in central Athens |
| Olympics | sporting event held every four years between city-states to honor Zeus |
| democracy | developed in Athens; only adult male citizens could vote |
| oligarchy | rule by a small group of people (Sparta) |
| marriages | Arranged by the girl’s father. Even when married a women was not free. She had to do as her husband wished. She was not allowed out on her own and was not often seen by people other than her own family. Men were usually around 30 girls were about 14 |
| grasshopper | considered the luckiest pet much luck |
| trireme | Greek ship |
| Battle of Marathon | key battle won by the Greeks over the Persians |
| Pheidippides | Greek messenger who delivered the news of the Greek victory in the Battle of Marathon |
| phalanx | rectangular battle formation |
| Battle of Salamis | key naval battle won by the Greeks over the Persians |
| Battle of Thermopylae | battle won by the Persians over the Greeks in a mountain pass. 300 Spartans. |
| Leonidis | king of Sparta who held off the Persian army with 300 soldiers in order to let the rest of the army escape |
| hoplites | Greek foot soldiers |
| Darius | King of Persia. Invaded Greece during first Greco-Persian Wars. |
| Xerxes | Son of Darius. led the Persians to a win at Thermopylae and to defeat at Salamis |
| Delian League | organization of Greek city-states after the Greco-Persian Wars to defend all of Greece from foreign attack |
| Greco-Persian Wars | series of battles/wars over a 50 year period between Greece and Persia that helped establish Greece as the most powerful area of the ancient world |
| Aristotle | philosopher who studied nature student of Plato teacher of Alexander the Great |
| Euclid | wrote a geometry book; Elements |
| Alexander the Great | Macedonian king who conquered Greece and most of the known world; spread Greek culture everywhere he went |
| results of the Greco-Persian Wars | the foundation of Western civilization was preserved when the Greeks won. philosophy mathematics sciences etc. were later adopted by other countries in Europe and the Americas |
| common foods in ancient greece | bread porridge cheese vegetables fish eggs olives grapes figs honey meat was rarely eaten |
| common sports in ancient greece | javelin discus wrestling running chariot races pankration |
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thatonesam
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