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USH EOI Terms 1
Civil War & Reconstruction Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sectionalism | the devotion to one's own region more so than to the nation as a whole |
| South's economy | relied on agriculture. Cash crops, especially cotton, provided much of its wealth. |
| South's economy | Plantation system, slavery, agriculture, and free trade |
| cash crops | crops that are grown mostly for trade and provide much of a region's wealth |
| cotton | the South's most important cash crop and crucial to its economy |
| cotton gin | invention by Eli Whitney. Made the processing easier and faster. Helped make cotton the South's most important cash crop. |
| plantation system | The key to the South's economic system. Large farms that produced large amounts of cotton and/or other cash crops. |
| free trade | trade between countries that takes place without the interference of tariffs or other forms of government regulations |
| slavery | System in which people were owned as property the same as buying and selling cattle or farm equipment. Provided labor for plantations and was very important to the South's economy. |
| North's economy | Large cities that were home to large businesses, banks and manufacturers. Depended on a combination of agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing. |
| North's economy | Favored certain limits on trade because it allowed them to charge higher prices for their manufactured goods sold in the US. Home to an emerging factory system that employed poor whites and poor immigrants. |
| factory system | took raw materials like wood, iron, cotton, and so on, and turned them into finished goods to be bought and sold in the market place |
| immigrants | arrived in the US from other countries, many provided cheap labor for Northern factories and manufacturers |
| states' rights | Southern leaders wanted to limit the power of the federal government. They believed that states should be free to govern their own affairs without interference from the national government. |
| Protective tariffs | Taxes placed on imports. Foreign manufacturers have to pay tax before they can sell their products in a certain country. Makes the price of foreign goods higher and makes domestic products more competitive in the market place |
| doctrine of nullification | states could refuse to obey federal laws if such laws violated the Constitution |
| secede | to leave the Union |
| Nullification Crisis | The state of South Carolina and the US government almost engaged in military conflict over the issue of tariffs and SC's claim that it had the right to nullify tariffs its leaders ruled violated states' rights. |
| Daniel Webster | US senator from Massachusetts who represented northern interests. He believed in the benefits of a strong national government, opposed slavery, and rejected the doctrine of nullification. |
| John C. Calhoun | US senator from South Carolina. He became a champion of the southern cause. he preached states' rights, argued for the doctrine of nullification, and believed in the preservation of slavery in both the South and western territories. |
| emancipated | to be free |
| antebellum | term meaning before the Civil War |
| paternalism | Taught that the slave owners were actually caring for and nurturing their slaves who otherwise could not care for themselves. Used to justify slavery. |
| free blacks | African Americans who were free rather than slaves at the time that slavery still existed in the US |
| abolitionists | wanted to outlaw slavery |
| William Lloyd Garrison | White abolitionist leader who founded an influential, anti-slavery newspaper called "The Liberator" in 1831 and helped establish the "American Anti-Slavery Society." |
| Frederick Douglass | Abolitionist leader who was an escaped slave. An eloquent speaker, he became a powerful voice for the movement. He personally testified about the horrors of slavery adn became one of the abolitionist movements most recognized and influential leaders. |
| balance of power | how much power slave states and free states had in Congress comparatively before the Civil War |
| Missouri Compromise | political compromise that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. The southern boundary of Missouri, 36 degrees 30 feet North would become a dividing line for any new states admitted to the Union. States north-free, south-slave |
| Compromise of 1850 | Admitted California to the Union as a free state and declared unorganized western territories free as well. Utah and New Mexico territories were allowed to decide the issue by popular sovereignty. Attached to the compromise was the Fugitive Slave Act. |
| popular sovereignty | the principle that states should decide by a popular vote whether or not to allow slavery |
| Fugitive Slave Act | part of the Compromise of 1850. It required that northern states forcibly return escaped slaves to their owners in the South |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | allowed the previously free and unorganized territories of Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether or not to permit slavery by popular sovereignty. Its guidelines effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise and reignited the slavery issue. |
| Bleeding Kansas | nickname given because of the violence that broke out over the issue of slavery after the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in Congress. |
| Dred Scott Case | Stated that Scott had no right to sue because, as a slave, he was not a citizen. Declared that a slave owner could not be deprived of his "property" without due process of law. |
| Dred Scott Case | Struck down the Missouri Compromise because it declared that it was a violation of the 5th Amendment to declare slaves free of their owners without due process of the law--even if the slave entered a free state. |
| Dred Scott Case | Supreme Court decision outraged abolitionists and those who favored popular sovereignty because it suggested that slaveholders could keep their slaves in any state. |
| John Brown | a radical abolitionist who attacked the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. His plan failed and he was hanged. |
| Harper's Ferry | the site of John Brown's raid on a US armory prior to the Civil War. Incited Southerners to think the abolitionists were plotting against them. |
| Abraham Lincoln | served as president of the US during the Civil War. He was the first Republican president in history. |
| Presidential Election of 1860 | resulted in the election of Abraham Lincoln as president and South Carolina's decision to secede from the Union. |
| secession | The act of leaving the Union. South Carolina and other southern states seceded after Lincoln's election. |
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