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ISS 325 Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Unstable Equilibrium | If the system does not return to its original state but moves further away from it |
| 5 Revolutionary Factors | Mass Frustration/Popular Discontent, Divisions among Elites, Unifying Motivations, Severe Political Crisis, Permissive World Context. |
| Structure vs. Culture | "structure" refers to the established system of organization, while "culture" represents the shared values, beliefs, and behaviors of that structure |
| Wilsonianism | A policy for ' inspiring liberal internationalism' based on adherence to self-determination through humanitarian intervention around the world, making U.S. foreign policy a paragon of carefully defined and restricted use of force |
| Comintern | The Communist International which was an umbrella organization to coordinate the international socialist movement |
| Anti-Colonialism | Opposing or resisting colonialism, or the rule of one country by another |
| Gentry, Peasants, Mandarins | Were distinct social classes with different roles and responsibilities |
| Confucianism | One of China's three schools of thought that dominated the Qing Dynasty with moral codes reflect politics and society on a family model that emphasizes education, ritual, and relations of filial piety |
| Qing Dynasty | The last dynasty of imperial China ruled through a hereditary monarchy |
| Treaty Ports | Chinese cities and districts where foreigners were in control of the market and didn't follow the dynasty's laws |
| Sun Yatsen | The father of the nationalist movement who wanted to create a modernized China and build a constitutional state. He was the first president of the Republic of China. |
| Chinese Republican Revolution | October of 1911, a group of revolutionaries in southern China led a successful revolt against the Qing Dynasty, establishing in its place the Republic of China and ending the imperial system. |
| May Fourth Movement | Demanded the return of Chinese territory from foreigners control to Chinese control. |
| Guomindang Party | Party that was led by Sun Yatsen with three principles of the people, nationalism, democracy, and the peoples livelihood. |
| Chinese Communist Party (CCP) | A party led by Moa Zedong with heavy inspirations of communism from the Soviets with a focus on peasants. |
| “semi-feudal, semi-colonial” | China was a semi-feudal, semi-colonial country from 1840 to 1949 due to the conquests of Western countries and the Qing government's signing of unequal treaties after the Opium War. |
| Mao Zedong | founded the People's Republic of China and led the country from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. Mao also served as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from 1943 until his death, and as the party's de facto leader from 1935. |
| Chiang Kaishek | Works under Sun Yatsen and is a more left-leaning member of the nationalist party. He wasn't interested in social revolution while Sun Yatsen was and takes over as the nationalist leader when Sun Yatsen died in 1925. |
| Chinese White Terror | Surprise attack on communist headquarters where the communists who escaped lived in secret. The Nationalists targeted any claimed communists or suspected communists in the city and the countryside. |
| Red Army | The military wing of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) made up of mostly peasants. |
| Long March | The long march that Red Army Soldiers walked to escape the oppressive regime of the Nationalists in China which was was from October 1934 in Jiangxi to October 1935 in Ya’an. About 35% of the Red Army has been lost (86,000-8,000). |
| Yan’an Base Area | Became the command center for the CCP and the Red Army and created the 'Yan'an Way'. |
| Mao Zedong Thought | The principle of upholding the socialist path. The principle of upholding the people's democratic dictatorship. The principle of upholding the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). |
| War of Resistance against Japan | The second Sino-Japanese War, and known in China as the War of Resistance to Japan. There are arguments that the conflict began with the invasion of Manchuria in 1931, but between 1937 and 1945, China and Japan were at total war. |
| Chinese Civil War | People's Liberation Army (PLA Communists) vs. National Revolutionary Army (NRA NAtionalists). |
| People’s Liberation Army | Won the Chinese Civil War, establishing the People's Republic of China in 1949. |
| People’s Democratic Dictatorship | Combination of democracy for the people with the dictatorship over the peoples enemies. |
| Enemy of the People | Anyone who was a bureaucrat or wealthy landowner was seen as non-communist and was order to experience 're-education'. |
| “Resist America, Aid Korea” | A slogan of the Korean War which concretely aligned China with the Soviets but they were burnt out from the previous Civil War that ended just months prior. |
| Agrarian Reform Law | 40% of land re-distributed to 80% of the Middle Peasants. |
| Struggle Session | Spoken bitterness and hardships of peasants to landlords and accused the exploiters who are fighting for themselves. |
| Agricultural Cooperatives and Collectives | Lower-Level agricultural Producers and Cooperatives which included the majority of poor and middle peasants. Higher-Level Agricultural Producers Collectives included 90% of the rural population. |
| Re-education / Thought Reform | People were educated and rehabilitated in the way of communism to be made members of the people again. |
| New Marriage Law | Free choice of partner and free divorce “Freedom of marriage, happiness, and good luck” (1953) and “A happy marriage, a happy family” (1955). |
| Work Unit (Danwei) | Sites of production and consumption where people were connected to social services, regimes, and the people but also social monitoring. |
| First Five-Year Plan | Heavy industry and central planning and effect overall growth especially in industrial output focusing on grain production. |
| Great Leap Forward | Expand heavy industry, light industry, and agriculture and bridge the growing gap between rural and urban areas. Also to decentralize production and economic decision-making from the state to the people. |
| People’s Communes | Collectives were not socialist enough and were reorganized into People’s Communes. They ended up having the opposite effect and decreased industry and agriculture due to the people poor backyard furnace steel craftsmanship and overharvesting of grain. |
| Great Chinese Famine | Famine was caused due to Zhao's obsessive need for higher grin output causing 15 to 30 million people to die of starvation during this period. |
| Capitalist Tendencies | Parallel dynamics to the former capitalist hierarchy generated elsewhere (Russia). Mao thought the people needed to be ready to fight back against the capitalist structure. |
| Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution | A sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China to purge Chinese society of any traditional and capitalist elements and preserve communism. |
| Red Guards | A mass, student-led, paramilitary social movement mobilized by Chairman Mao Zedong in 1966 until their abolishment in 1968, during the first phase of the Cultural Revolution, which he had instituted. |
| Four Olds | Categories used to characterize elements of Chinese culture prior to the Chinese Communist Revolution that they were attempting to destroy. The Four Olds were 'old ideas', 'old culture', 'old customs', and 'old habits'. |
| Bandung Conference | The conference's stated aims were to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by any nation. |
| Third World | Embodies the principle of mutual support and shared interests among formerly colonized and oppressed nations, seeking to address common challenges such as poverty, underdevelopment, and marginalization. |
| Qajar Dynasty | Te system the rauled Iran until the Pahlavi Shah. Shiism is the link to the previous Safavid Dynasty. |
| Twelver Shia Islam | A branch of Shi'a Islam that is based on the belief that there were twelve divinely appointed imams who succeeded the Islamic prophet Muhammad. "Hidden Imam" (Mahdi) was to be everyones savior but he is missing. |
| Ulama (clergy, incl. ayatollah) | Levels included alim, hojatoleslam, mujtahid, ayatollah. Institutions included schools/seminars and mosques . |
| Bazaaris | The merchants, artisans, and workers who make up the traditional marketplace, or bazaar, of Iran. |
| Anglo-Persian/Iranian Oil Company | extracted oil from Iran (then known as Persia), becoming the first company to commercially drill for oil in the Middle East and making Iran a rentier state. |
| Iranian Constitutional Revolution | Established Iran's first constitution and parliament, which laid the foundation for the country's political development. |
| Patronage System / Rentier State | A patronage system a political practice where a winning party gives government jobs to supporters, friends, and relatives. A rentier state is a country that derives wealth from natural resources rather than domestic taxation. |
| Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi | Ruled the Imperial State of Iran until 1979 when the Iranian Revolution overthrew him, abolished the monarchy and established the Islamic Republic of Iran. Him and his family were sent into exile. |
| Tudeh (“Party of the Masses”) | Is an Iranian communist party. Also was a classical pro-Soviet Union communist party, but wrapped itself at the time in nationalism to be more attractive to Iranians. |
| National Front Government | To nationalize Iran's oil resources and to counteract British dominance of Iran's internal affairs by initiating direct relations with the United States. The Front became the governing coalition when it took office in April 1951. Led by Muhammad Mossadeq. |
| SAVAK | Iranian National Bureau of Security and Intelligence was the secret police and intelligence agency of the Imperial State of Iran. |
| Islamic White Revolution | Was a program of modernization that aimed to redistribute wealth to the working class, promote economic growth, urbanize the country, deconstruct feudal customs,improve the quality of life for Iranians. |
| Orthodox Shiism | C;ergy stay outside and only intervened in the government when necessary Tacitly supported the monarchy as it stood Antagonized by the White Revolution. |
| Fundamentalist Shiism | Clergy should play a leading role in government and society Criticized the monarchy as being Un-Islamic Antagonized by the White Revolution |
| Modernist Shiism | Clergy lead reconciliation and a connection of Islam to the modern world Called for democracy and had leftist leaning variants and values |
| Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini | Took a public opposition to the regime Speaking action from his supporters Known as the June Uprising (1963) Demonstrations and riots were sparked and may were killed This didn't quiet Khomeini |
| Freedom Movement of Iran | Led by Mehdi Bazargan with Ayatollah Mahmud Taleqani Led the freedom movement of Iran More religious and more activist. |
| Mujahideen & Fedayeen-e Khalq | The armed guerilla opposition. of the Freedom Movement of Iran. "Islamic Soldiers of the People". made up of Left-Isalmic and Secular-Marxist members. |
| Resurgence Party | Antagonized liberalism, Bazaaris, and clergy. |
| Jimmy Carter | International Destabilization US Carter Administration was put into effect “Human Rights” program |
| Komitehs (Committees) | Founded as one of Organizations of the Iranian Revolution in 1979, after the overthrow of the Shah they served as substitutes for some of the governmental institutions no longer functioning after the shah and actively protested in "Black Friday" |
| Black Friday | Marching in Tehran where they desired the Islamic government to be ruled by Imam Khomeini Shootings of the non-violent protests with many dead |
| Pasdars (guards) | is a multi-service primary branch of the Iranian Armed Forces. It was officially established by Ruhollah Khomeini as a military branch in May 1979 in the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution. |
| Provisional Revolutionary Government | was the first government established in Iran after the Iranian Revolution. The regime was headed by Mehdi Bazargan, one of the members of the Freedom Movement of Iran,[3] and formed on the order of Ayatollah Khomeini. |
| Islamic Republic Party | The Islamic Republican Party was formed in 1979 to assist the Iranian Revolution and A Khomeini in his goal of establishing a theocracy in Iran. |
| Islamic Revolutionary Council | Khamenei, Bazargan, and Bani-Sadr who became watchdogs for the provisional government Shadow government more firmly under Khomeini's control Clerics and laymen included in this |
| Islamic Revolutionary Guard | Iranian state's armed force charged with defending Iran's revolutionary regime. It is separate from Iran's conventional military force. |
| Constitution of the Islamic Republic (1979) | 89% of the population came out to vote and 98% agreed and said that Iran should become an Islamic Republic A blended mixture of a republican and a theocratic system Elected President and Parliament and a Guardian Council and Supreme Leader |
| U.S.-Iran hostage crisis | Students break into the U.S. Embassy to find evidence of a forming coup between America and the Shah to be returned to Iran to be put on trial for his crimes. Hostages are taken for 144 days and held for ransom. |
| SAVAMA | Initially, the organization was known as SAVAMA,[4] and intended to replace SAVAK, Iran's intelligence agency during the rule of the Shah, |
| Iran-Iraq War | a prolonged military conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988, beginning when Iraqi forces under Saddam Hussein invaded Iran, which threatened the external state. |
| Ministry of Islamic Guidance | responsible for managing access to media that, in the view of the Iranian government or the ministry, violates Iranian ethics and is against "cultural imperialism" which de-secularized universities & schools and censorship of broadcast & print media. |
| Constitution of the Islamic Republic (1989) | Appointed a 25-man Constitution revision council Revised in 1989 with an overwhelming agreement with only 55% participation Less power to the legislature More power to the president and supreme leader |
| Khordad Movement (May Movement) | reformist movement led by Muhammad Khatami. Liberal reforms and movements that passed. Tried to pass a ban on torture and traditional punishments but was blocked by the religious establishment |
| Principlist | refers to the conservative supporters of the Supreme Leader of Iran and advocates for protecting the ideological "principles" of the Islamic Revolution's early days. |
| Green Revolution | Persian Spring by the western media,[2] refers to a political movement that arose after the June 12, 2009 Iranian presidential election and lasted until early 2010,[3] in which protesters demanded the removal of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad from office. |
| Social Revolution | Theory of social revolutions says revolutions are the result of a state crisis and the rise of a dominant class caused by a combination of international and domestic factors, including state breakdown, peasant revolts, and international pressures. |
| Theda Skocpol | Created the theory of Social Revolution. |
| Resource Mobilization | All activities undertaken by an organization to secure new and additional financial, human and material resources to advance its mission. |
| The Queen and I | A film about the strained relationship of the Former exiled Queen of Iran and a previously young communist girl who escaped imprisonment in Iran after her brother was killed. |
| Nahid Persson Sarvestani | Director of The Queen and I. |
| Farah Shahbanu Pahlavi | Former Queen of Iran, now exiled. |
| Nonviolent Revolutions | Revolution in the idea of voting for a new way ina free and fair system Elections are seen s common sense and a core part of political legitimacy |
| Civil Resistance | a nonviolent form of political action where people use coordinated tactics to challenge a power or regime without threatening or harming their opponents: |
| Ferdinand Marcos | Elected president in 1965 and created a deeply corrupt regime based on nepotism |
| Corazon “Cory” Aquino | Activist trained by Christian pacifists organizations in nonviolent uprisings. Organized a snap presidential election that was rigged for him to win , showed Cory to win but Marcos is still called the winner. |
| People Power Revolution | Day after the rigged election which was supported by all mentioned forces 2 million regular citizens non violently protested 80% of the military defected and joined the cause This works and Marcos is exiled to America |
| Muslim Brotherhood | The movement's self-stated aim is the establishment of a state ruled by sharia law under a caliphate–its most famous slogan is "Islam is the solution". Charity is a major aspect of its work. |
| Hosni Mubarak | the security services became known for their brutality, and corruption became widespread. Mubarak stepped down during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 after 18 days of demonstrations. |
| April 6th Youth Movement | is an Egyptian activist group established in Spring 2008 to support the workers in El-Mahalla El-Kubra, an industrial town, who were planning to strike on 6 April. |
| January 25th Revolution | The date was set by various youth groups to coincide with the annual Egyptian "Police holiday" as a statement against increasing police brutality during the last few years of Hosni Mubarak's presidency. |
| Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | As minister of defense, and ultimately commander in chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces, Sisi led the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, overthrowing of the democratically-elected Morsi on 3 July 2013 |
| Neoliberalism | advocates a strong state to bring about market-like reforms in every aspect of society |
| New Social Movements | groups that emerged after World War II, particularly in the 1960s, now with a modern boom in media and technology. |
| Augusto Pinochet | was a Chilean military officer who was the dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990. |
| Sebastián Piñera | is a Chilean billionaire businessman and politician who served as president of Chile from 2010 to 2014 and again from 2018 to 2022. |
| Chilean Social Revolt | 1.2 million people took to the streets of Santiago to protest against social inequality in what was called "the biggest march of Chile." As of 28 December 2019, 29 people had died, nearly 2,500 had been injured, and 2,840 had been arrested. |
| Territorial Assemblies | a legislative body that creates laws to govern a territory. |
| Constituent Assembly | a representative body that drafts or revises a constitution. |
| Proposed Constitution of Chile (2022) | A national plebiscite was held on 4 September 2022 to determine whether the public agreed with the proposed Constitution.[3][4] It was rejected by a margin of 62% to 38%. It proposed more leftist and modern proposals. |
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