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Fall Final Exam
Vocabulary Review for Fall Final Exam 2024
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Income | The amount of money you earn. This can come from a job or investments. It is limited. |
| Wage | Money earned per hour in exchange for your physical or mental labor. |
| Salary | Fixed amount of money earned per day, month, or year in exchange for your physical or mental labor. |
| Spending | Giving money in order to receive a good or service. |
| Needs | Things you must have to survive. |
| Wants | Things you would like to have to raise your standard of living. |
| Budget | A spending plan. |
| Personal Money Management Plan | Long term plan on how you are going to use your money (kind of like a long term budget) |
| Allocate | Fancy word for putting money somewhere in your budget. |
| Savings | Money put away to be used later. |
| Credit | Borrowing money and promising to pay it back later with interest added. Can be a loan or credit cards. |
| Interest | Fee paid for the use of borrowed money. |
| Investing | Allowing others to use your money in return for giving you interest. |
| Entrepreneur | Someone who takes on personal risk to start a business. |
| Interest Rate | There is a yearly rate that determines how much interest you will pay for loans. |
| Arid | fancy social studies word for dry |
| humid | fancy social studies word for rainy |
| tropical | fancy social studies word for warm |
| fertilizer runoff | pollution caused by agriculture |
| irrigation | using water from a fresh water source to grow crops |
| dense | when there is a lot of vegetation |
| sparse | when there is little vegetation |
| Arabs | most common ethnic group in SW Asia. They speak Arabic and are mostly Sunni Muslims |
| Persians | most common ethnic group in Iran. They speak Farsi and are mostly Shia Muslims |
| Kurds | large minority ethnic group in Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria. They speak Kurdish, are mostly Sunni Muslims, and want their own country where those four countries come together |
| Covenant | promise that Jewish people (and Christians) believe that God made with Abraham. The agreement was that God would give Abraham and his descendants a homeland to make them a great nation if they would follow only God. |
| Salvation | Christian belief that people cannot be good enough and must be "saved" by believing in the sacrifice of Jesus. |
| Five Pillars | the basic actions that all Muslims must follow |
| Sunni/Shia Split | When Muhammad died, some Muslims wanted to follow one of his relatives. Other Muslims thought the community of Muslims should select the strongest leader to succeed him. This was known as... |
| Prophet | a person who brings messages from God. |
| Messiah | a great leader who will establish a kingdom of righteousness. Jews believe this person has not come yet and Christians believe it was Jesus. |
| Religious Group | a group of people with common beliefs about God or gods, holy things and places, and the supernatural |
| Ethnic Group | a group of people that have a shared culture. This can include language, clothing, music, food, a shared history, or a common geographic location. |
| Sykes-Picot Agreement | secret agreement between the French and the British to divide up the Ottoman Empire if they won World War I. |
| Zionism | a movement that encouraged Jewish people around the world to move back to their ancestral homeland in Palestine (modern day Israel). |
| Anti-Semitism | hating Jewish people because they are Jewish |
| Nationalism | pride in one's people or culture. It often leads to a desire for an independent country made up of your people. |
| Osama bin Laden | the leader of al-Qaeda who planned the September 11th attacks |
| al-Qaeda | terrorist organization that attacked the United States on 9/11/2001 |
| the Taliban | terrorist organization that ruled Afghanistan prior to October of 2011. They helped al-Qaeda by allowing them to train in Afghanistan. They have currently regained control of the country after 20 years of being out of power. |
| 9/11 | terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon that was the beginning of the US-led war on terror |
| parliamentary democracy | form of government where the people elect representatives to a legislature. That legislature then chooses one of their members to be the head of the governement. |
| presidential democracy | form of government where the people directly elect the head of government and separately elect a legislature |
| Islamic Republic | form of government based on Islamic beliefs and practices with "some voting power" in the hands of the people. The people's votes don't really matter. |
| autocratic | a society where only one person is allowed to make decisions and participate in the governement |
| absolute monarchy | form of government where one ruler has absolute power by right of birth |
| divine right | the belief that God gives a ruler the right to rule |
| specialization | focusing on producing one thing or a few things really well so you can be very efficient at it. This allows a country to trade what they have a surplus of for things they do not have, but need. |
| The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | a group of nations that limits the supply of exported oil to keep the price of oil high, making them more profit. |
| literacy rate | the percentage of people over the age of 15 who can read or write in a country; is a measure of a nation's investment in human capital |
| human capital | the training and skills a worker has to produce goods; more skilled workers produce more products increasing a nation's standard of living of GDP per capita |
| capital goods | goods that are used in the production of other goods such as machines or tools |
| deforestation | the action of clearing a wide area of trees |
| desertification | when fertile land is overgrazed or clear-cut for farming, the desert expands into areas that were previously arable |
| causes of desertification | over-grazing, over-farming, cutting down scattered trees, drought, climate change |
| causes of deforestation | cutting down forests for living space, farmland, and timber products |
| Sahara Desert | Extremely dry area that covers most of Northern Africa |
| oasis | wet area in the desert fed by underground springs |
| Sahel (steppe region) | transition zone between the Sahara and the savanna in Africa |
| savanna | large grasslands with scattered trees in Africa |
| tropical rainforest | thick forests with 70 foot high trees in humid tropical areas of Africa |
| subsistence farming | farming just enough to feed you and your family |
| famine | widespread shortages of food |
| drought | long period of abnormally low rainfall |
| tropical | fancy social studies word for warm |
| humid | fancy social studies word for wet (high precipitation) |
| arid | fancy social studies word for dry |
| semi-arid | fancy social studies word for sort of dry |
| nomadic herding | continually moving to allow your animals to have enough to eat in arid and semi-arid regions of the world |
| fertile soil | dirt that is good for growing crops |
| arable | land that is good for farming |
| agricultural runoff | fertilizer that gets washed off of fields and ends up in water sources |
| industrial waste | chemicals and other pollutants that leak out of industrial equipment and factories |
| slash and burn agriculture | cutting down trees and setting them on fire to clear the land and add fertility to the soil |
| overgrazing | allowing herd animals to eat too much of the plant life in an area. It leaves the soil exposed and causes erosion |
| erosion | soil being transported away by wind or water |
| water wars | fighting over scarce water sources |
| physical water scarcity | when water is not present or not much is present in an area |
| economic water scarcity | when water is present, but it is polluted and a society does not have the money to clean it and make it safe to drink |
| Bantu | African ethnic group that originated in West Africa and migrated to the rest of sub-Saharan Africa |
| Swahili | East African ethnic group with a culture and language that is a blend of Arabic and Bantu culture and language |
| Arabs | North African ethnic group that came to the area in the 600s AD by conquering North Africa |
| Arabic | language spoken by the Arabs |
| Swahili | language spoken by the Swahili |
| language spoken by the Bantu | many different languages (each Bantu ethnic group has their own) |
| Islam | most common religion among the Arabs and Swahilis |
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