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Biology
Structure & Functions in Cells & Viruses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How are Beta-sheets stabilized? | Through hydrogen bonding |
| What are kinetochores? | It is composed of microtubules, the structural building block of eukaryotic flagella |
| What are desmosomes? | It is loose cell-to-cell junction protein composed of intermediate filaments |
| The intermediate filament in epithelial cells are composed of what? | Keratins |
| The intermediate filament in muscles cells are composed of what? | Desmin |
| What are the 3 common centers of mirotubule? | -Centrosome (cell center) -Kinetochores (spindle attachment site on chromosomes) -Centriols |
| What are fat cells called? | Adipocytes |
| What would happen if amino acid were placed into an electric fluid after finding its isoelectric point (pI)? | You would find that any pH above its isoelectric point would migrate toward the anode or (positive electrode) while a pH below their pI would migrate toward the cathode (negative electrode) |
| Define intermediate filaments | It is fibrous cytoskeletal polymers |
| What is the connection between mobility and membrane fluid? | The greater the motion of the fatty acid side chains, the more fluid is in the membrane |
| What is exocytosis? | When vesicles move toward the interior of the cell some will fuse with others to form larger structures. Materials can also be released from the cell |
| What is the difference between paper and gel electrophoresis? | -Paper: It is used for separating mixtures that contain charged molecules which are small -Gel: it is used for separating proteins and nucleic acids |
| What are anomers? | When two molecules only differ in their configuration about the C-1 carbon atom |
| Which amino acids have a charged R group & which are highly or weakly ionized at neutral pH? | -Highly = Aspartate (ASP,D) , Glutatmate (GLU,E) , Lysine (LYS,K) , Arginine (ARG,R) -Weakly = Histidine (HIS,H) |
| How many amino acids are in a protein and oligopeptide? | -Protein = 100 or more -Oligopeptide = ∼ 10 |
| What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport? | Primary transport uses ATP while secondary transport uses an electrochemical gradient |
| What is an example of secondary active transport? | -The cotransport of Na+ with glucose -It is through a symport protein |
| What is ribonuclease? | An enzyme secreted from the pancreas that hydrolyzes RNA |
| Which kind of configuration are amino acids found in proteins? | Only the L configuration not D |
| What can decrease fluid mobilty? | -Adding in cholesterol -Cooler temps (lower) |
| What is group translocation? | When a sugar residue like glucose is phosphorylated as it is being transported through the plasma membrane |
| What are microtubules composed of? | Protofilaments composed of altering alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin |
| What does a molecule need to have to be classified as carbohydrate? | -It must have an aldehyde or a ketone functional group -Two or more alcohol functional group |
| What are examples of bulk transport? | Endocytosis and exocytosis |
| What is transverse diffusion? | Movement of a phospholipid from one lipid plane to the next (very slow) |
| What are the major lipid components of eukaryotic biological membranes? | -Glycerophospholipids -Sphingolipids -Cholesterol |
| What is considered to be physiological pH? | pH = 6.5 - 8.0 |
| What is induced? | Operons that are switched on |
| Wat is the pther name for simple diffusion and what does it do? | -The other name is passive diffusion -Spontaneous movements of solute through lipid bilayer. It moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration, down a concentration gradient |
| What are cotransporters? | Symports and antiports |
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? | -Saturated= they are fatty acids that don't have any double bonds between carbon atoms -Unsaturated = fatty acids that fo contain double bonds bewteen specific carbon atoms |
| What are the major classes of steroids and where are they synthesized? | -Progesterone -Glucocorticoids -Mineralocorticoids -Androgen -Estrogens -It is synthesized in the mitochindrion |
| What are the different lipid structures called? | -Micelles -Lipid bilayer -Liposome |
| Which amino acids have a polar uncharged R group, hydrophilic, and contain side chain functional groups that can hydrogen bond with water? | Serine (SER,S) , Threonine (THR,T) , Cysteine (CYS,C) , Tyrosine (TYR,Y) , Asparagine (ASN,N) , Glutamine (GLN,Q) |
| What is the oxidized version of cystine called? | Cystine |
| What is tollen's reagent and what does it do? | -Tollens reagent is an oxidizing agent used to identify functional groups on carbohydrates -The sugar is oxidized & Ag+ is reduced to silver metal -A positive test result yields a silver mirror |
| What is a negative control? | It is achieved when an inducer inactivates a repressor protein allowing the expression of the gene of interest |
| Glycerophospholipids are said to be amphi-philic. What does that mean? | It means that it has a nonpolar tails (the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids) and a polar heads (the phosphate group and its associated attachment) |
| What are peripheral proteins? | They are weakly attached to the surface of the membrane through hydrogen bonding or electrostatic associations |
| Which amino acids R groups are nonpolar and hydrophobic? | Glycin (GLY,G) , Alanine (ALA,A) , Valine (VAL,V) , Leucine (LEU,L) , Isoleucine (ILE,I) , Proline (PRO,P) , Methionine (MET,M) , Phenylalanine (PHE,F) , Tryptophan (TRP,W) |
| What's a good buffering range? | If a weak acid is within 1 pH unit of its pKa vaule |
| What are some solutes that go through passive diffusion? | -Hydrophobic: O2, N2, CO2 (diffuse very fast) -Polar uncharged (small): H2O, urea, ethanol (diffuse fast) -Polar uncharged (large): glucose, galactose, fructose (diffuse slowly) -Ions: Na+, K+, Ca2+ (diffuse very slowly) |
| What are the simplest and more complex sphingoglycolipids? | -Simplest = cerebrosides -Complex = gangliosides |
| What is repression? | Operons that are switched off |
| Regulatory site or allosteric site have enzymes called what? | Allosteric enzymes |
| What are aldoses and ketoses? | They are carbohydrates that contain and aldehyde and or a ketone |
| What is lateral diffusion? | When neighboring phospholipids can easily exchange places (very fast) |
| What structural residue is common to all sphingolipids? | Ceramide |
| What are the two important storage polysaccharides? | Strach and glycogen |
| What are the two major types of biological molecules contained in a ribosome? | Nucleic acids and amino acids |
| Define permeases | Protein transporters that allow for the movement of a solute across a membrane |
| Vesicles are formed during endocytosis, what are they called? | Endosomes and endocytotic vesicles |
| What is Benedict's reagent and what does it do? | -Benedict's reagent is an oxidizing agent used to identify functional group on carbohydrates -The sugar is oxidized by Cu2+ ion and it's reduced -A positive result yields a brick-red preceipitate |
| What is it called when invagination is occurring, the vesicle contains liquid portion of the extracellular environment? | Pinocytosis (cell drinking) |
| Define transduction | The transfer of bacterial genes by viruses |
| What are the different transport systems in facilitated diffusion? What's the other name for facilitated diffusion? | -Uniport: when one type of solute passes through the protein in one direct -Symport: when two diff. solutes pass through the protein in the same direct -Antiport: when two diff. solutes pass through in the opposite direct -Carrier-mediated diffusion |
| What is the correlation between molecular weight and melting point of a fatty acid? | As the molecular weight of a saturated fatty acid increases, so does the melting point |
| Define transformation | Involves the uptake of genetic material from surrounding medium |
| What are integral membrane proteins? | -They are embedded in the lipid bilayer -If the protein spans the whole membrane, it is then called a transmembrane protein -Some are just exposed on the surface of the interior or exterior -They are tightly bound to the bilayer by hydrophobic forces |
| What is an example of primary active transport? | Na+ - K+ ATPase / Na+ - K+ pump (same thing) Ca2+ ATPase (pumps 2 Ca2+ ions out of the cytosol for every ATP hydrolyzed) |
| Define bacterial conjugation | The transfer og genetic into occurs by cell-cell contact |
| What is it called when the vesicle contains some type of particulate matter? | Phagocytosis (cell eating) |
| Are polar molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic, Same for nonpolar? | - Polar = hydrophilic - Nonpolar = hydrophobic |
| What is a positive control? | It is achieved when an inducer activates an activator protein |
| Define ampholytes | Amino acids that can act as either an acid or base (they all can) |
| What is endocytosis? | When an annual cell show an invagination of a portion of their plasma membrane that will eventually pinch off to form an internalized vesicle |
| What are microfilaments composed of? | Consists of the protein G-actin and F-actin |
| What are triacylglycerols? | They are neutral fats that serve as storage depots for fuel used in metabolism |
Created by:
Gabbgabb04
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