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Biology
Heart & Lungs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the different routes that can take place in the formation of a blood clot? | -Intrinsic route: due to contact with some abnormal surface -Extrinsic route: due to trauma to the tissues |
| What can cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen to the tissues at the same partial pressure of oxygen as in the standard case? | -Lowering of the pH - ↑ in temp -Binding of 2,3,-BPG -This causes the oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the right & downward, curve can be shifted to the left & upward by reversing these interactions |
| What do veins and arteries do in the heart? | -Veins: carry blood from the tissues & lungs towards the heart -Arteries: carry blood away from the heart |
| What is a closed circulatory system? | -The blood that flows throughout the body is confined to vessels like arteries & veins. It does not freely mix w/ the fluid of the body -Humans have a closed system |
| Define hydrostatic pressure | -It is the pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid due to the force of gravity -A pushing force |
| The pressure in the aorta and arteries fluctuates between what two numbers? | -It fluctuates between 120 & 80 mmHg -When left ventricle contracts (systole) the pressure is about 120 mmHg. When the ventricle begins to relax (diastole) the pressure is about 80 mmHg |
| What is needed for blood clotting to take place? | 1) Platelet membrane (PM) 2) Enzyme 3) Ca2+ ions (factor Xa & PM bind to ion) 4) Auxiliary factor (Va) 5) Substrate prothrombin |
| What is pulmonary circulation? | It is the blood that is pumped from the right heart to the lungs and back to the left heart |
| What is systemic circulation? | It is the blood that is pumped from the left heart to the rest of the tissues and back to the right heart |
| Define preoenzyme | It is the inactive version of an enzyme |
| What is the function of the circulatory system? | -Bring nutrients and oxygen to the tissues of the body while simultaneously removing waste products from those very tissues -Helps maintain body temp, can help transport hormones to other parts of the body |
| What are the antagonists to vitamin K? | -Taking lots of antibiotics (kills intestinal flora) -Not enough in diet -Dicoumarol; doesn't allow Ca2+ to bond to prothrombin -Warfarin; used to kill mice and rats not humans |
| Why do arteries have elastic fibers in them? | B/C, it prevents the blood pressure from becoming too high when it's ejected out of the heart and it also maintains a high arterial pressure between the systolic and diastolic phases of the heart |
| Define precapillary sphincter | -It is composed of smooth muscle which helps regulate the flow of blood to the area within capillaries -Found at entrance of capillary bed |
| Define osmotic pressure | -It is the amount of pressure that stopped osmosis -A pulling force |
| What are baroreceptors? | It is the receptor for pressure |
| What does the lymphatic system do? | It collects the excess fluid that leaks into the interstitial space from the capillaries and returns it by way of the vena cava back to the circulatory system |
| What does the right and left heart do? | -Right: it pumps blood to the lungs and back to the left heart -Left: it pumps that blood to the remaining tissues of the body and back to the right heart |
| Define diffusion | It is simply the process by which molecules randomly move from one place to the next |
| What is atherosclerosis? | It is when there is damage to the endothelial cells by the pulsating arterial pressure or even by abrasive substances in the blood can lead to this disease |
| Blood clotting occurs vis what process? | It occurs via the cascade process |
| What is an open circulatory system? | -It is when circulating fluid within the body is mixed with the body fluid itself -In other words, blood does not circulate entirely within the confines of vessels like arteries and veins |
| What happens after the damage has been repaired? | -A serine protease called plasmin hydrolyzes specific regions in the fibrin clot into smaller peptide fragments (to remove clot) -Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) converts plasminogen into this active protease |
| What is 2,3-Bisphophoglcrate? | It is a by product of glysolysis |
| Define osmosis | It is simply the net movement of water from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration |
| What is arteriosclerosis? | Once the endothelial cells are damaged cholesterol can build up at the site of the lesion and a plaque will form. In the later stages of this disease, the arteries become hardened from the layers upon layers of deposit |
| How is CO2 carried in the blood? | 1) by dissolving in the plasma and the red blood cells (∼ 10% of the time) 2) binding to a specific site on the hemoglobin molecule (∼ 20% of the time) 3) in the form of bicarbonate ions (HC03-) (∼ 70% of the time) |
| In blood clotting there is a serine protease involved. Which on is it? | -It is thrombin -Most important one |
| Regulation of the circulatory system is controlled by what? | It's controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, but mostly the sympathetic division |
| What is the chordae tendineae? | It is a tendinous cord that holds the values between the atria and the ventricles in place so they do not invert |
| Define endothelial cells | They are epithelial cells that line the lumen of all the blood vessels in the body. Though, since the cells are inside the cardiovascular system, that name was given |
| What do lymph nodes do? | They help filter out foreign particles that could potentially lead to disease |
| Why are arterioles important? | -They represent that major area of resistance in the cardiovascular system. They have strong muscular walls -Arteries branch themselves to form arterioles |
| What is edema? | It is the increase of the interstitial fluid because it cannot be reabsorbed by the lymphatic system |
| Why is vitamin K important in the formation of blood clotting? | -Prothrombin exists in an even earlier form called preprothrombin. This molecule has as Glu residues which are carboxylated by a carboxylase enzyme. This carboxylase enzyme has an absolute requirement for vitamin K |
| What must be present for prothrombin to be produced? | -Must have HCO3, vitamin K, & carboxylase enzyme to make prothrombin |
| Where is the coordination rhythm for breathing generated from? | It comes from the medulla and the pons in the brainstem |
| What is varicose veins? | -It is the protrusions of the dilated veins beneath the skin -It is caused by an increase pressure in the veins |
| How does the body remove the blood clot after the damaged area has been repaired? | - A serine protease called plasmin hydrolyzes specific regions in the fibrin clot in order to dissolve it into smaller peptide fragments (to remove clot) - Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) converts plasminogen into plasmin |
Created by:
Gabbgabb04
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