Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Psychology
Learning & Memory
| Question | Answer | Answer pt.2 |
|---|---|---|
| Which diseases are associated with disorders of dopaminergic activity? | -Schizophrenia -Parkinson's disease -Bipolar disorder | |
| What is the serial position effect? | It is the tendency to remember the first & last items in a list best | |
| What is the decay theory? | It attributes the loss of memory entirely to function of time | |
| Define relearning | It is the increased rate of learning info that has previously been learned | |
| What are the types of LTM? | Explicit & Implicit memory | |
| Define memory | It is the persistence of learning overtime through the encoding, storage, & retrieval of information | |
| What is an unconditioned stimulus (US) ? | It's a stimulus that naturally & automatically triggers a response; its effects do not depend on previous experiences EX: food, sucroses, shocks, & temp changes | |
| What is an unconditioned response (UR) ? | It's a response that is unlearned & occurs naturally w/ presentation of an unconditioned stimulus | |
| Define maintenance rehearsal | The target piece of info is continuously repeated EX: trying to remember a phone # long enough to dial it | |
| What is episodic memory? | It describes memory for specific events or experiences EX: describing someone's 16th birthday party (how many people there were, color of cake, shape of piñata, etc.) | |
| What is anterograde amnesia? | -It is when someone has the inability to form new LTM -They can still remember things from prior the original causes | |
| What are the main structures of the brain involved in processing explicit memories? | Frontal lobes and hippocampus | |
| What is shallow processing? | -Involves focusing on the surface-level features of information, rather than its deeper meaning -It encodes on a rudimentary level based on sensory features EX: appearance & sound of a word | |
| What are the different conditioning processes? | -Acquisition -Extinction -Spontaneous recovery -Generalization -Discrimination | |
| What are the different type(s) of encoding? | -Visual -Acoustic -Tactile -Semantic | |
| What is motivated forgetting & what's another name for it? | -It refers to a defense mechanism the mind employ's to forget unpleasant memories -Another name is repression | |
| What is tactile encoding & where is it temporarily stored? | -It encodes for encodes for the sense of touch, sensory input include vibration, texture, & pressure -It is temporarily stored w/in your haptic memory | |
| The process of habituation is characterized by what key properties? | 1) frequency of stimulus presentation 2) strength of stimulus 3) dishabituation 4) habituation of dishabituation | |
| What is habituation of dishabituation? | The more often you present the dishabituation in order to restore the original response to the original habituation, eventually the person responding will habituate to the dishabituating object | |
| What is backward conditioning? | It is when the US is presented before the CS EX: the food is presented before the bell | |
| Define encoding | It is the process of transforming info into a usable construct that can be stored within the brain | |
| What are the different types of learning? | -Non associative -Associative -Observational | |
| What is Korsakoff's syndrome? | -It is a brain disease characterized by a thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, most often associated w/ alcohol abuse -Deficiencies in thiamine affect the limbic system which is responsible for memory and emotion. | Can produce both retrograde and anterograde amnesia |
| Define synaptic plasticity | It is the ability of neuronal synapses to strengthen or weaken in responses to increase or decrease in their activity | |
| What kind of conditioning is the most biologically relevant? | Forward conditioning | |
| What is dual-process theory of habituation & sensitization? | Bath neural responses happens at the same time causing a net response. At this point one is activated more over the other | |
| What is external validity? | The extent to which you can generate the findings of a study to other situations, people, settings, and measures | |
| What are the different type(s) of amnesia? | Anterograde & retrograde | |
| What is flashbulb memory? | It is a clear, vivid account of an emotionally significant memories | |
| What is the difference between the discrimination process in classical and operant considtioning? | CC= learned ability to distinguish between a CS & other stimuli that have not been associated with an US OC= learned ability to distinguish between responses that are reinforced & responses that are not reinforced | |
| What is a sensory bias? | It is when an animal have a preference for mates with traits similar to an item they evolved an attraction to for non-mating purposes | |
| What is the interference theory? | It suggests forgetting occurs due to memory disruptions from both previously learned info and newly presented info | |
| What are the different forms of interference? | Proactive and retroactive | |
| What is semantic memory? | It describes memory for general knowledge and facts EX: knowing things about the first president of the United States | |
| What is collective rationlization? | It is a group think factor. This factor occurs when group members ignore warnings and do not consider their actions, assumptions or beliefs | |
| Define instinctive drift | It is the tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive species. Typical behaviors that interfered with a conditioned response | |
| What is an important factor that influences shaping? | -It is instinctive behavior -An animal cannot learn a behavior for which it is not equipped by it's evolutionary history and instinctive patterns | |
| What does the amygdala have to do with memories? | It strengthens emotionally significant memories stored elsewhere | |
| Who is considered to be the father of operant conditioning? | B.F. Skinner | |
| What is associative learning? | It is learning that one event occurs with another | |
| What is Thorndike's law of effect? | It is that favorable consequences strengthen behavior and unfavorable consequences weaken behavior | |
| What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)? | It's a stimulus that was previously neutral, but after becoming associated with the US, it eventually elicits a conditioned response | |
| Define misinformation effect | It is the idea that misleading info presented after an event can alter one's memory of the actual event | |
| What is autoshaping (sign-tracking) ? | It is an instinctive response to certain stimuli that has not been reinforced by reward or punishment | |
| Define omission procedsures | It involves with holding a reward following a learned instrumental response | |
| What is a reinforcement schedule? | It is a pattern that defines how often a response is reinforced | |
| What is a mirror neuron? | It is a type of neuron that fires both when an animal performs a specific behavior and when the animal observes another performing that specific behavior | |
| What is proactive interference? | It is when old memories disrupt the retrieval of newer memories | |
| What is the difference between the extinction process in classical and operant conditioning ? | CC = diminishing of a CR through repeated exposure of the CS in the absence of the US OC = reduction of an instrumental behavior when it's no longer reinforced | |
| What are the simplest form(s) of non associative learning? | Habituation and sensitization | |
| Define habituation | It's a process in which the magnitude of a response to a specific stimulus ↓ w/ repeated exposure to the stimulus EX: you move near an airport & loud roaring sounds of the plane makes you jump in fear. After a few weeks go by you hardly notice the sound | |
| What is simultaneous conditioning? | It is when the CS and US are presented and terminated simultaneously | |
| What is sensory adapataion? | -It's a physiological phenomenon that occurs when an animal can no longer detect a repeated stimulus -There is no conscious control EX: adapting to the hot water of a bathtub | |
| What is rationalization? | It's a defense mechanism used when people are not able to deal w/ the reasons they behave in particular ways, so they protect themselves by creating justifications for their behaviors | |
| What is foraging behavior? | It relates to the act of searching and hunting for resources | |
| What is retroactive interference? | It is when new memories disrupt the retrieval of older memories | |
| What is the differences between the acquisition process in classical and operant conditioning? | CC = period in time where the CS comes to elicit the CR OC = period in time where behavior becomes associated with a consequence | |
| Define engram | It is when sensory info is transformed into a usable construct | |
| What is the encoding process? | Sensory info -> biochemical changes in the brain -> engram | |
| What are the term(s) when you can only recall the first 4 words in a list or the last 4 words in a list? | First 4 words = primary effect Last 4 words = recency effect | |
| What short-term memory? | -It stores info temporarily, on the order of secs & mins, before it's lost. Info from sensory memory that gets processed into STM is considered our active memory store-holding the info we are currently thinking about. | -It stores our conscious thought & perceptions at any given moment |
| What are the type(s) of forward conditioning ? | Delay & trace conditioning | |
| What are the type(s) of memory retrieval ? | -Recall -Recognition -Relearning | |
| What is ineffective encoding? | It is when info from working / STM fails to ever enter long-term storage | |
| What is procedural memories? | It allows us to perform daily tasks, especially motor skills without thought | |
| What is cue-dependent forgetting and what is another name for it? | -It suggests that the target info is present in LTM, but is currently & temporarily inaccessible -Another name is context-dependent forgetting | |
| What are the different types of explicit memory? | Episodic and semantic memory | |
| Define positive reinforcement | It strengthens a response by presenting a pleasurable event or outcome after the response EX: food rewards, praise, monetary reward or even social acceptance | |
| What is long-term memory? | It stores relatively limitless amount of info for a relatively indefinite amount if time | |
| What is retrograde amnesia? | It is when someone has the inability to retrieve old memories from LTM, prior to a particular date, such as when the organic damage occurred | |
| What are the main structures in the brain involved in processing implicit memories? | -Cerebellum = responsible for both the formation of new implicit memories & the storage of implicit, created by CC -Basal ganglia = responsible for the formation & retrieval of procedural memories | |
| What is illusion of unanimity? | It is a group think factor. This factor is when majority views of the group are assumed to be unanimous | |
| What is classical conditioning also known as & who is known as the father of classical conditioning? | -It is known as pavlovian conditioning -The father of CC is Ivan Pavlov | |
| Fixed-interval is a type of reinforcement schedule. What is the rate of response and pause of reinforcement? | -Rate of response = increase gradually as reinforcement time draws closer -Pause after reinforcement = fairly significant post-reinforcement pause in responding | |
| What is implicit memory and what is the other name for it? | -It is info you can know and can show -The other name is non declarative memory -It is both unconscious and unintentional | |
| What are the different types of implicit memory? | -priming -procedural -classical conditioning | |
| Variable- interval is a type of reinforcement schedule. What is the rate of response and pause after reinforcement? | -Rate of response = slow, but steady -Pause after reinforcement = very minimal pause | |
| What is priming? | It is a person's future behavior that is influenced by pervious subconscious preparations | |
| What is shaping? | It involves reinforcement successive approximations of a desired behavior until the desired response is achieved | |
| What is the difference between the generalization process in classical and operant conditioning? | CC = tendency to respond to other stimuli similar to the CS OC = tendency to respond to stimuli similar to reward-paired stimuli | |
| What is stimulus generalization? | It occurs when a conditioned response to a specific stimulus transfers to other stimuli similar to the CS EX: kid is presented w/a white rat. The kid is scared. Later the white rat is presented again, but afterwards a loud noise was made, making the kid | cry. Now when the rat is presented it cries. The kid now cries when seeing a white rabbit and Santa Claus |
| What is identification & recognition? | It is a term used to refer to the procession of letters while reading | |
| What is dementia? | -People suffering will have a decline in memory, social abilities, difficulties with communication, & personality changes that make everyday activities a challenge -Dementia is not a specific brain disease, but rather a symptom of other diseases | |
| Fixed-ratio is a type of reinforcement schedule. What is the rate of respose & pause after reinforcement? | -Rate of response = high, steady responding until reinforcement is delivered -Pause after reinforcement = brief response, but responding quickly resumes | |
| Define recognition | It is identifying info that was previously learned, after being cued EX: multiple-choice questions | |
| What is visual encoding and where is it temporarily stored? | It is the process of transforming visual sensory info. Sensory input such as color, shape, or size -It is temporarily stored within your iconic memory | |
| What is classical conditioning based on implicit memory? | Implicit memories influence behavior based on previously learned associations | |
| What does the occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggest? | It suggests that CR is being suppressed rather then unlearned during extinction | |
| Define long-term potentiation (LTP) | It is the increasing strength of a synapse due to the repeated firing of its neurons | |
| Define rehearsal | -It is the mental techniques that strengthen the retention of memories -There are two types: maintenance and elaborative rehearsal | |
| What is non associative learning? | It is a change in response to a stimulus due to repeated exposure to that stimulus EX: amount of thunder claps & how high you jump up from bed | |
| What are the different type(s) of associative learning? | Classical and Operant conditioning | |
| Define reinforcement and name the type(s) of reinforcements | -It is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior that follows -Positive, negative, primary, & conditional | |
| What is operant conditioning? What is another name for it? | -It 's learning occurring by associating an action with a consequence (consequence in psychology can mean either a positive or negative result) -Instrumental conditioning | |
| What is illusion of invulnerability? | It is a group think factor. This factor occurs when groups believe they are impenetrable, & results in excessive optimism & confidence. Leading to risky decisions | |
| What is working memery? | It is STM's underlying support system that processes, manipulates, and stores current info | |
| What is a negative punishment? | It weakens a response by removing a desirable stimulus following the response. The removal of something positive EX: taking away a teenagers phone because they're swearing | |
| What is deep processing? | It encodes semantically based on meaning and relationships EX: definition of a word | |
| What is excessive sterotyping? | -It is a group think factor. This factor occurs when there are negative views or outside or dissenting opinions, which render effective responses to conflict unnecessary | -Stereotyping of contrary viewpoints leading members of the group to reject perspectives that question or challenge the groups ideas |
| What is forward conditioning? | It is when the CS precedes the presentation of the US EX: a loud bell sound is rung, before the food is presented | |
| Define primary reinforcement | It strengthens a response by presenting an unlearned reinforcing stimulus of innate biological value EX: reinforcing a dog's behavior by giving it treats. The dog did not have to learn that treats are tasty. Treats satisfy a biological need for food | |
| Define explicit memory and what is the other name for it? | -It is the info you know and an tell -The other name is declarative memory | |
| What is acquisition? | It is the initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship | |
| What is higher-order conditiong? | It is a procedure in which an existing CS is paired with a NS creating a second (often weaker) CS EX: if tone associated w/a shock & forward conditioning is performed to associate light w/tone, the light alone will elicit the CR of a jump | It is also known as second-order conditioning |
| What is latent learning? | It is learning that is not shown in performance until rewards are given for performance | |
| Define punishment | It is any event that weakens or decreases the behavior it follows | |
| What kind of stimulus are there? | -Neutral -Unconditioned -Conditioned | |
| Define amyloid plaques | Deposits of protein fragments that build up around neurons | |
| Define neurofibrillary tangles | Fibers of the TAU protein that build up inside of neurons | |
| Define delay conditioning | It is what the CS is presented before the US and continues through the presentation of the US | |
| Define recondolidation | It is the process of recalling previously stored info and consolidating it again in order to maintain, strengthen, or modify memory | |
| What is a positive punishment? | It weakens a response by presenting an aversive stimulus after the response EX: giving a kid a spanking for getter bad grade because they didn't submit their assignments | |
| What is a neutral stimulus (NS)? | A stimulus that initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention EX: in experiments, a tone, click, light, or taste | |
| Iconic, echoic, and haptic memory is are apart of what stage of memory storage? | They are apart of the first stage called sensory memory | |
| What is the relationship between frequency and strength of stimuli to habituation? | - Frequency ↑ = habituation ↑↑↑ -Strength of stimuli ↑↑ = habituation ↓↓ | |
| Define Pavlovian conditioning | It is the type of learning that explains how the environment can control of our behvaior | |
| What is compliance? | It is the tendency to agree to do what is requested, especially if there are certain factors present | |
| Define elaborative rehearsal | The target piece of info is considered & further associated with previously stored info EX: if new kid in class is named bobby & you have a dog named bobby, then you're more likely to remember the kids name | |
| What stimulus discrimination? | It is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been associated with an unconditioned stimulus | |
| What is an conditioned response (CR)? | It is a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus | |
| Variable-ratio is a type of reinforcement schedule. What is the rate of response and pause after reinforcement? | -Rate of response = high steady -Pause after reinforcement = only a brief pause | |
| What are the techniques used for brainwashing by McConell? | -Isolation -Dependency -Reward | |
| What is conformaity? | When behavior changes to fit in with a group according to social influences | |
| What is extinction? | It is the diminishing of conditioned responses due to repeated exposure of the CS in the absence of the US | |
| Define negative reinforcement | It strengthens a response by removing or reducing an unfavorable event or outcome EX: wearing sunscreen to prevent sunburn or stopping at a red light to avoid getting a ticket | |
| What is dishabituation? | Following habituation, a single presentation of a different stimulus restore the response of the original stimulus | |
| What is retrieval? | It is the process of accessing stored memories | |
| Define recall | It is remembering info that was previously learned but is currently not physically present EX: fill-in-the-blank questions on exam | |
| What is semantic encoding? | -Meaningful or contextual sensory info is encoded -Info stored using semantic encoding s typically stronger & easier to retrieve b/c it has been associated w/ something that already has meaning | |
| What biological predisposition? | It is the increased chance of developing a pattern of behaviors based on genetic makeup | |
| Define consolidation | It is the process of stabilizing a memory | |
| Describe context-dependent memory | When you walk upstairs to get something, but you forget what is was, so you walk back downstairs to suddenly remember what you were looking for | |
| What is a spontaneous recovery? | It is the reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a rest period | |
| What is the difference between STM and working memory? | -STM = acts as a storage space & static -Working memory = actively processes things as they come in & it's dynamic | |
| What ae the main reasons for why we forget? | -Ineffective encoding -Decay theory -Interference theory -Cue-dependent forgetting -Motivated forgetting -Organic causes | |
| What is acoustic encoding and where is it temporarily stored? | -It is the process of transforming auditory sensory info. Auditory input such as words, melodies, and noises -It is temporarily stored within your echoic memory | |
| What is the difference between the spontaneous recovery process in classical and operant conditioning? | CC = reappearance of a weakened CR after a rest period OC = reappearance of a goal-directed behavior after a rest period | |
| What is an indicator trait? | It is an phenotypic expressions that convey the health, well-being, and fitness of an organism to potential mates | |
| Define sensitization | It is the process in which the magnitude of a response to a stimulus increases with repeated exposure to that stimulus | EX: when a professor is speaking and you notice them saying um the first couple times, but after a while the word is said so much that it's annoying and you can't stand hearing him say it |
| What is Alzheimer's disease? | -Major cause of dementia -Characterized by a general atrophy of the brain -This neurological degeneration is attributed to the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles | |
| Define agnosia | It is an inability to recognize perceptions, objects, and people | |
| Define anomie | It is a breakdown in ethical standards associated with breakdowns in norm-promoting communities. It reflects a condition in which fewer punishments exist, rather than a punishment in and of itself | |
| Define normative social influence | It is the result of an individual’s desire to be accepted by the group | |
| Define informational social influence | It is the result of an individual’s belief that others know something he or she does not | |
| What is sensory memory? | It is virtually instantaneous and operates on the order of seconds | |
| Define ingration | It is an attempt to get someone to like you in order to get them to comply with your requests |
Created by:
Gabbgabb04
Popular MCAT sets