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Psychology
Emotions, Stress, Motivation, & Addiction
| Question | Answer | Answer pt.2 |
|---|---|---|
| What are the 3 components of emotion? | Physiological arousal, expressive displays (behavioral), and subjective experiences (cognitive) | |
| What are the different kinds of theories of emotions called? | - James-Lange theory - cannon-bard theory -schachter-singer theory | |
| What does the james-Lange theory state? | -It states that physiological arousal & behavioral response PRECEDE the experience of an emotion - emotion is secondary to physiological changes & behavioral responses | |
| What does the cannon-bard theory state? | It states that physiological response & conscious awareness of the emotion are both experienced simultaneously | |
| What does the schachter-singer theory state? | - it states that cognitive evaluation of one’s physiological arousal results in the experience of an emotion - w/out an event to interpret cognitively & to give meaning to the physiological changes one feels, no emotion is experienced | -Also called two-factor theory |
| Define spillover effect | It is the idea that previously arousing events can affect one’s reaction to the next event | |
| What are the two main biological components that play a role in perceiving emotion? | Autonomic nervous system & limbus system | |
| What happens when the sympathetic nervous system is activated? | Heart rate increases, respiratory rate increases, liver increases release of glucose, adrenal glands releases epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine | |
| What are the structures in the lambic system responsible for in terms of emotion? | - Hypothalamus: responsible for regulating the ANS (control endocrine system & regulating release of hormones) - Thalamus: primary relay station for almost all sensory input in the brain | - Hippocampus: memory formation, specifically transferring STM to LTM stoarge |
| What are the two pathways that direct info from the thalamus to the amygdala? | 1) Thalamus -> amygdala (fast) 2) Thalamus -> cerebral cortex -> amygdala (slow) | |
| What is Kluver-Bucky syndrome? | It arises from the bilateral destruction of both amygdala, resulting in a flat affect, hyperorality (compulsion to put things into one’s mouth), hyper sexuality, & behavioral disinhibition | |
| The cognitive component of emotion divides into what? | - Prefrontal cortex: it functions in decision-making, problem solving, & behavioral control (angel in shoulder) - Amygdala: responsible for instantaneous response to an emotional event (devil on shoulder) | |
| What are the universal emotions identified by researcher Paul Ekman? | Happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, & disgust | |
| What is the difference between mood & emotion? | - Moods are much longer duration & are typically of lesser intensity - Emotions are considered temporary, involuntary, & discrete (has an end & start) | |
| What are the theories for the origin of emotions? | 1) Believed emotions evolved in a linear fashion along w/brain structures & social behavior 2) Emotions first evolved w/ non-communication adaptive functions (ex: reason for eyes open wide w/ surprise is to increases the visual field) | |
| Define stress | It is a state of mental & physical tension caused by a threatening or demanding situation | |
| Define stresor | It is the stimulus that causes stress | |
| What is a negative stressor? | It is a stressor that induces anxiety, decreases performance, & physiological damage EX: filing for divorce, unemployment, & w/standing extreme temps | |
| What is a positive stressor? | It is a stressor that is associated w/ excitement, increases performance, & motivation EX: buying new house, taking a vacation, & marriage | |
| Define acute stressor | It is a short term & discrete (has an end & start) EX: final exam= 50% of grade, roller coaster ride, not being able to find phone | |
| Define chronic stressor | It is long term & damaging. It is always destructive in nature EX: death through suicide, violence or disease, childhood abuse, poverty, & terminal illness | |
| What is the difference between a physical & psychological stressor w/ examples? | -Physical: places strain on the body (EX: running, hot temps, surgery, & infection) -Psychological: places strain on the mind (EX: public speaking, phobias, & family conflict) | |
| What are the different types of stressors recognized by psychologists? | -Catastrophes -Major life events -Microstressors -Ambient stressors | |
| Define catastophes | It is unforeseen events that cause a degree of stress EX: natural disasters & wars | |
| Define major life events | They are rare positive or negative changes EX: divorce, marriage, or death of a family member | |
| Define microstressors | It includes the minor annoyances of day-to-day life that can be stressful EX: making sure to take cookies out of oven on time, arriving to class everyday on time, & getting stuck on a snow storm | |
| Define ambient stressors | -It describes that global challenges that affect individuals on a subconscious level -It is non-urgent, negative, & chronic EX: pollution, crime, city noise, & cultural expectations | |
| What is the tend-or-befriend response? | -It is a behavioral response to stress characterized by seeking social support & caring for offsprings -More female oriented than fight or flight -Estrogen enhances the effects of oxytocin | |
| What is Hans Selye's general adaption syndrome? | -It is a stress model to explain 3 distinct stages of the reaction 1) alarm: initial reaction to presence of a stressor 2) resistance: body is flooded w/stress hormones | 3) exhaustion: body becomes drained of it's energy store & loses ability to respond to the stressor |
| What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)? | -It controls the stress response & mediates the general adaption syndrome -It is responsible for both the release of glucocorticoids to inhibit the immune system & the presence of glucose to focus all attention on a stressor | |
| What is eustress? | It is positive stress that can increase performance, concentration, resilience, & motivation | |
| Chronic stress has an increased risk of developing which mental health problems? | -Depression -Anxiety: obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) & phobic disorders -Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | |
| Which personality type is more likely to develop a stress related disease & why? | Type A is more susceptible than type B to have a stress related disorder b/c type A responds to stress w/more stressors while type B talks it out w/others | |
| What are the different types of coping strategies? | -Appraisal-focused: it is directed @ modifying one's perception of stress -Problem-focused: it is directed @ modifying the stress itself -Emotion-focused: it is directed @ reducing the emotional response to a stressor | |
| What is cognitive reappraisal? | Reevaluate the meaning of an emotional stressor & transform an initially negative event into a positive one | |
| What are the ways to relax the body & mind? | -Exercise: physical activity releases endorphins (natural painkillers) into the body. It elevate moods,↓ tension, & improve sleep. It also ↓ cortisol levels &↑ heart health -Meditation:↓ heart rate,↓ blood pressure, & ↓ cholesterol | |
| What is instinct in terms of motivation? | -It is an innate behavior we do w/out forethought, controls each of out wants & desires (EX: chewing your food) -William McDougall introduced the idea | |
| What does instinct fail to do? | -Instincts fail to explain variability w/in & btwn. individuals of the same species as well as changes in behavior over time. Therefore instinct alone is not sufficient to explain motivation | |
| What does cortisol do in terms of stress? | It is a major stress hormone that suppresses the immune response & breaks down glycogen into glucose for energy contributing to the overall sympathetic nervous system response | |
| What is the Drive-reduction theory? | It is the idea that a physiological need creates a state of tension or arousal that drives organisms to reduce that need through performance | |
| What is Clark Hull's drive theory of reinforcement? | It introduced reinforcement into the drive-reduction theory. The theory states that a need produces a drive stimulus, which becomes associated w/the response that reduces that drive | |
| What are some things that could happen due to prolonged stress? | -Diabetes due to cortisol being↑ causing glucose levels to↑ -Weakening of immune system to inflame body due to cortisol presence = wounds take days to heal -↑ heart rate & blood pressure= hypertension | -Plaque build up in coronary arteries which leads to a narrow lumen (interior space) of arteries, reducing blood flow causing coronary artery disease (CAD) -↓ metabolism, immune function, circulation, & reproduction (in both male and female) |
| What is the incentive theory of motivation? | It proposes that a pull of external stimuli, rather than just the push of internal drives, can also motivate behavior EX: a person might be motivated to eat ice cream for pleasure & not hunger | |
| Define incentive | -It is the magnitude & anticipation of a reward -Incentive values can change based on need state, emotion, & previous experiences | |
| What is the arousal theory of motivation? | It suggests that people are driven to perform certain actions in order to maintain an optimum level of a arousal | |
| What is the Yerkes-Dodson law? | It states that performance↑ w/↑ed arousal, but only to a certain extent EX: if you have↑ed arousal the morning of the MCAT, you will probably score higher than on practice exams due to↑ alertness & concentration | |
| What is the humanistic theory of motivation? | It suggests that people motivated by a desire to reach their full potential; they can do so only when their most basic needs are met | |
| What is Mascow's hierarchy of needs? | It is the human needs in the form of a pyramid to demonstrate that some motives are more compelling than others BOTTOM -physiological: food, sleep, sex, shelter, breathing, etc. | -Safety needs: feel safe & need to feel like world is organized and predictable -Belongingness and love needs -Esteem needs: need for confidence -Self actualization: live up to purpose -Self-transcendence: identity beyond self |
| What is the cognitive theories of motivation? | -It suggests that thinking is sufficient to explain behavior -Expectancy- value theory, goal-setting theory, & attribution theory | |
| What is the expectancy-value theory? | It proposes that a person is motivated both by their expectancy & value of a goal | |
| What is goal-setting theory? | It suggests that a person's drive to reach an end state, as well as the characteristics of a particular goal, motivate a performance | |
| What is attribution theory? | It proposes that motivation stems from people's perceptions of their own successes & failures | |
| What is pavlovian instrumental transfer (PIT) & what are the different types of PIT? | -It is a process by which environmental stimuli can motivate instrumental behavior -Type 1 Specific PIT : Walking ->sees's McD's wrapper -> buy's McD's | -Type 2 General PIT (only works if they're hungry): Walking to class (starts in 10 min) -> sees McD's wrapper -> buy's chips |
| What is the local theory of motivation? | It holds that all deficit stimuli, arise in the periphery of the body, & not in the brain EX: thirst arises from having dry mouth | |
| What is the dual hypothalamic hypothesis? | It combined two separate experiments to demonstrate how damage to the hypothalamus causes disruptions in normal eating behavior | |
| Where are the stop & start signals for hunger located? | Start= lateral hypothalamus Stop= ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) | |
| What role does cholecystokinin (cck) play in hunger? | It is a hormone released in the gut during the consumption of fats, which activates the vagus nerve to send stop signal to the VMH | |
| What role does leptin play in hunger? | -It is a satiety hormone that is always present in the body & is responsible for telling the hypothalamus how much stored-up energy the body has -Acts as a stop signal for VMH | |
| What is the mesolimbic pathway? | It is a dopaminergic pathway that begins @ the ventral tegmental area (VTA) & ends @ the nucleus accumbens & the prefrontal cortex | |
| Define addiction | It is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug-seeking & use despite harmful consequences to the addicted individual & those around them | |
| Define drug tolerance | It is when repeated exposure to a drug results in a state of↓ sensitivity to it | |
| What are the main theories for addiction? | -Allostasis -Associative learning -Incentive sensitization -Fronto-striatal dysfunction | |
| What is the allostasis theory? | -It is the idea that addiction results from a process of maintaining apparent homeostatic stability through a change, but @ a price -Also called physical-dependence theory | -This theory states that drug use is driven by negative reinforcement- it is less about getting high (positive reinforcement) & more about not feeling bad |
| What is the associative learning theory? | - It is based on the ides that cues in the environment can come to elicit addictive behavior -The idea that a range of environmental cues can encourage maladaptive behavior suggests addiction is a result of subconscious controls | |
| What is the incentive sensitization theory? | -It states that exposure to psychoactive drugs changes the brain circuitry that is normally responsible for the pleasurable effects of incentives | -This theory attributes addiction to the physical changes in the brain from repeated exposure to a drug that, in turn, enhances the drug-seeking & motivational impact (wanting) of cues in the environment |
| What is the fronto-striatal dysfunction theory? | -It suggests that drug-induced prefrontal cortex dysfunction leads to an inability to inhibit maladaptive behaviors | -Exposure to drugs result in↑ed impulsive behavior that urges people to engage in risky events, despite knowledge of their negative consequences |
| Define psychoactive drugs | It is naturally occurring or synthesized substances that, upon entering the body, produce qualitative changes in the conscious experience | |
| What is the need of the drive-reduction theory? | It is an excess or deficiency related to homeostatic balance or survival EX: food deprivation | |
| What is the drive of the drive-reduction theory? | It is intervening variable that energizes behavior EX: hunger | |
| What is the goal of the drive-reduction theory? | It is some commodity (food) or change (pain reduction) that reduces the drive | |
| Define neustress | It happens when you are exposed to something stressful, but it doesn’t actively or directly affect you | |
| Define physiological arousal | It is how your body reacts to emotions, emotional information or stimuli | |
| Define expressive displays | It is how you express your emotion | |
| Define subjective experiences | It is how you feel and interpret your emotions, which is extremely personal and subjective | |
| Define opponent-process theiry | It opposes the initial emotional effects of the drug by slowly developing a counteractive process that gradually becomes larger, and eventually completely masks the initial effects that drug once had | |
| Define fundamental attribution error | It occurs when a person assigns too much weight to internal causes rather than external factors when trying to explain the cause of another person’s behavior |
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