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Civil Rights
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Plessy v. Ferguson | An 1896 Supreme Court case that legalized segregation of public facilities for blacks and whites. It established the "separate but equal" principle. |
| 13th Amendment | Abolished slavery in America |
| 14th Amendment | Granted African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the law. |
| The NAACP or National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | Founded in 1909 by W.E.B. Dubois and helped African Americans fight for their rights. It still exists today. |
| 15th Amendment | Granted African American males the right to vote |
| Integration | Allowing Black and White people to function together in society. |
| Brown v. Board of Education | This 1954 Supreme Court case decision integrated public schools. It overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine. |
| Thurgood Marshall | The first African American Supreme Court Justice. A lawyer for the NAACP who helped win Brown v. Board of Ed. |
| Civil Disobedience | Refusal to obey certain laws as a form of peaceful protest, such as marches and sit-ins. |
| The Little Rock Nine | 9 Black students who needed support from President Dwight Eisenhower (who sent federal troops to a high school) to ensure that these students attended an integrated school in Little Rock, Arkansas. |
| Rosa Parks | She refused to give up her seat to a white man on a bus. Her arrest led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott. |
| Martin Luther King, Jr. | The leader of the SCLC and participated in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech at the March on Washington in 1963. Favored nonviolence. |
| Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-Ins | Nonviolent protest began at a lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina by four African American college students. |
| The Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Law aimed to end segregation in society, such as restaurants, education and the work place. Also established no discrimination for hiring. |
| The Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Law aimed to end literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses. |
| Booker T. Washington | A leader of the Civil Rights Movement believed that equal rights for African Americans would be achieved gradually, through vocational (job) training and earning respect. |
| W.E.B. DuBois | A leader of the Civil Rights Movement believed equality for African Americans should be immediate. First African American to receive a PhD from Harvard. Founder of the NAACP. |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | This president signed into law the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act after John F. Kennedy was assassinated. |
| The Montgomery Bus Boycott | The decision to integrate public buses across the nation was a direct result of this 381 day event. Featured a large carpool system. |
| The March on Washington | Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech at this event during the Civil Rights Movement. Over 250,000 people attended. |
| John F. Kennedy | This President, who was considered a leader of the Civil Rights Movement, was assassinated in 1963. |
| Discrimination | Treating different races, religions & ethnic groups unfairly. |
| Jim Crow Laws | State laws in the South that legalized segregation. |
| Segregation | Separating people of different races in society. A major goal of the Civil Rights Movement was to outlaw this. |
| Poll Taxes | A tax charged to voters and was intended to keep poor blacks from voting. |
| Literacy tests | Tests given to people who wanted to vote. Intended to limit blacks from voting. |
| Civil Rights | The rights each person has as a citizen. The government can not take them away. Most are in the Bill of Rights. |
| Ruby Bridges | Six-year-old child from Louisiana who was the first student to integrate her school and had to be escorted into school by federal agents. |
| Betty Friedan | Wrote The Feminine Mystique and was a co-founder of the National Organization of Women (NOW). |
| Cesar Chavez | Helped found the United Farm Workers (UFW) union and led the boycotts of California grapes in order to have Hispanic Americans' union recognized. |
| The “Children’s Crusade” | Bull Connor passed a law outlawing marching on the streets of Birmingham, and children were attacked by fire hoses and police dogs, and put in jail. Brought national attention to the South. |
| American Indian Movement (AIM) | Organization of Native Americans which tried to take back their land at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. |
| National Organization for Women (NOW) | Organization founded by feminists for equal rights for women and fought against discrimination based upon sex and gender. |
| United Farm Workers (UFW) union | Organization founded by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta which fought for rights for migrant farm workers and Hispanic Americans |
| Stonewall Riots | Major event that occurred in New York City in 1969 in the Gay Rights Movement. Police raided a bar that catered to LGBTQ patrons and it led to violence and protests for change. |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | Planned boycott of the Montgomery, Alabama bus system. Lasted over a year and led to the city losing $3,000 a day. |
| Great Migration | The movement of thousands of Black families to the North to escape Jim Crow laws and the racist violence of the South. |
| "Separate but Equal" | The concept that Black and white citizens can be separated in public spaces as long as the facilities are "equal." |
| Orval Faubus | Governor of Arkansas who attempted to stop the Little Rock Nine from integrating schools. |
| Linda Brown | Daughter of Oliver Brown, the man who sued the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas due to school segregation. |
| Feminism | The belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities. |
| Alcatraz Island | Site where Native Americans occupied in 1969 to bring national attention to Native land rights. |
| Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975) | Gave Native American tribes control over their own programs, schools, and resources. |
| Lavender Scare (1950s-1960s) | Time period in U.S. history when official organizations kept lists of suspected homosexual people to fire or harass them. |
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