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Sociology Midterm
| What defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"? | sociology |
| Who, in 1963, described sociology as seeing the "general in the particular"? | Peter Berger |
| What does the sociological perspective help us assess? | opportunities and constraints in our lives |
| What was one of Emile Durkheim's most famous studies? | suicide |
| Countries with the highest rates of poverty are listed as what? | low-income countries |
| What is the United States? | high-income country |
| How many times does it take to develop a habit | 21 |
| What refers to proving stereotypes and assumptions wrong? | debunking |
| What does qualitative research NOT use? | statistical methods |
| Empirical evidence | information that can be verified through our senses |
| Correlation | relationship in which two or more variables change together |
| Examples of material culture | cars, iPhones, and computers |
| Examples of nonmaterial culture | religion |
| Cultural transmission | passing cultural meaning from generation to generation |
| Which language is the most spoken worldwide? | English |
| What refers to the rules and expectations by which society guides its members' behavior? | norms |
| Dominant culture | most powerful group in society |
| Sapir Wharf Hypothesis | people see the world through the cultural lens of their language |
| Robin Williams values for American life | equal opportunity and practicality & efficiency |
| Values & Beliefs | values-what is seen as right and wrong beliefs-statements people hold to be true |
| What is a symbol in sociology? | anything that carries meaning to people |
| Karl Marx | conflict |
| Max Weber | symbolic interationism |
| August Comte | Father of Sociology |
| C. Wright Mills | sociological imagination |
| Emile Durkheim | structural functionalism |
| Lenski's Five Types of Society | hunting & gathering horticultural & postural agriculture industrial post-industrialism |
| Capitalists | the owners-who makes money |
| Proletariat | the workers |
| Class consciousness | knowing what social class you're in |
| Four ways capitalism leads to alienation, according to Marx | act of working products of work other workers human potential |
| Weber's Rationalization of Society | change from tradition to rationality |
| Elisabeth Kubler-Ross's stages of dying/grief | denial anger negotiation resignation acceptance |
| Looking Glass Self | self-image based on how we think others will see us |
| It is important that sociological research shows what? | reliability & validity |
| Hawthorne Effect | the change in a subject's behavior caused by the awareness of being studied |
| Participant Observation | research method where the sociologist becomes both the participant and scientific observer of a group |
| Example of qualitative research | interviews |
| Functionalist Theory-Durkheim | society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability |
| What does conflict theory focus on? | inequality |
| Sociologists are continually seeking knowledge about what? | differences in the behaviors of entire societies |
| Empirical | carefully gathered, unbiased data regarding social conditions, verified by the senses |
| Counter-Culture | ex. group trying to establish its own government |
| High Culture | ex. attending the opera |
| Dominant Culture | ex. a class with students who are the same age |
| Culture Shock | shock from a new environment |
| Sub Culture | ex. a small group of students who dislike their teachers |
| Popular Culture | widely accepted ideas or beliefs |
| Lawrence Kohlberg | moral development |
| George Herbert Mead | social self |
| Charles Cooley | looking glass self |
| Carol Gilligan | theory of gender & moral development |
| Jean Piaget | cognitive development |
| Role Strain | conflict resulting in tensions from one status |
| Nature | belief in evolution and biology's effects on human activity |
| Id | Freud's term for the basic drives and instincts in one's personsality |
| Eros | Freud's term for human's need for bonding |
| What is industrial capitalism the major outcome of according to Weber? | calvinism |
| Nurture | insists that socialization affects personality development |
| Personality | person's consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, & acting |
| What did Durkheim warn about society? | modern society creates anomie, a condition where society provides little moral guidance to individuals |
| Status | social position or "rank" |
| Dramaturgy | Goffman's term for the ways in which individuals control how others perceive them by impression management |
| Tact | what we use to help others save face |
| Role exit | disengaging from social roles and can be traumatic |
| Ascribed status | ex. someone's sex |
| What can master statuses be? | any status |
| Mechanical solidarity | Weber, focuses on financial tension preventing bonds in preindustrial societies |
| Who stated a revolution is the only way out of capitalism? | Carl Marx |
| Sociocultural evolution | theory focusing on technology |
| Humor | necessary in social interactions |
| What is the key to deceit? | inconsistencies in emotion |
| Total Institutions | play a huge role in socializing group members |
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ila2309
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