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ISS 325 Midterm
ISS 325 Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Revolution | The forcible overthrow of a government through mass mobilization…in the name of social justice, to create new political institutions. |
| Counterrevolution | A revolution opposing a former one or reversing its results. |
| Relative Deprivation | The perception of a gap between your expectations and your ability to satisfy them. The sense that existing conditions and your position within them are not what they should be. |
| Unstable Equilibrium | If the system does not return to its original state but moves further away from it. The wants of the people and the government's efforts are opposing ideas and have no balance. When a society is no longer resilient to “shocks”. |
| Mass Frustration/Popular Discontent | Relative deprivation causes a large proportion of society to become extremely discontented and leads to an uprising of protests and movements. |
| Divisions among Elites/Elite Discontent | Elites in society pit others against each other and the government due to dissatisfaction with the representation of the current regime, withdrawing support from institutions. |
| Unifying Motivations | Powerful motivations affect multiple minorities. |
| Severe Political Crisis | A crisis caused by war, natural disasters, economic depression, or all three, and the state cannot complete its function. |
| Permissive World Context | The rest of the nation effectively doesn’t intervene with the factors of revolution. |
| Social Revolution | Includes normal changes of revolutions but also includes the redistribution of resources and property as well as reorganizes social status. |
| Constitutional (Antimonarchical) Revolution | Using laws and constitutions to gain freedom away from the monarchy. |
| Communist (Socialist) Revolution | A proletarian revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism. |
| Anticolonial (National Liberation) Revolution | Resisting, fighting against, and dismantling the aims of colonial regimes, systems, and ideologies. |
| Liberalism | The ideology of liberty for the individual. |
| Socialism | The ideology of justice for the oppressed class. |
| Conservatism | The ideology of conserving the existing. |
| State | A nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government. |
| Nation/Nationalism | The people should be the seat of sovereignty, not kings, queens, and rulers. |
| Industrialization | Countryside and agriculture turn to city manufacturers, rural life as opposed to urban life, focused on production and economization of the landscape. |
| Empire/Imperialism | How colonies turn into empires through international competition. |
| Structural Approach | To emphasize objective relationships and conflicts among variously situated groups and nations, rather than interests, outlooks, or ideologies of particular actors in revolutions. |
| Cultural Approach | The articulation of compelling stories that allow people to deploy them in ways that resonate with others and empower them to seek change to the material and ideological conditions of their everyday lives. |
| Bourgeoisie | The higher-class capitalists who own most of society's wealth and means of production. |
| Prolatariat | The lower-class workers or working-class people who are regarded as a collective. |
| Structure vs. Agency | Structure is the recurrent patterned arrangements which influence or limit the choices and opportunities available. Agency is the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices. |
| Abbé Sieyès | "What is the Third Estate” Pamphlet claimed the third estate was everything and that the third estate represented the whole nation. |
| National Assembly | The group that receded against the estate general due to stonewalling of proposed fairness and asserted itself as a sovereign nation assembled to govern itself that was the first act of the French Revolution that doesn't match the old regime. |
| Storming of the Bastille | Citizens storm the Bastille and take control of the city as one of the first revolts of the French Revolution. |
| Decrees of August 4th 1789 | National assembly relinquishes all the privileges it had and officially disbands. |
| Civil Constitution of the Clergy | The church was reorganized under civil state authority having clergy swear an oath of loyalty to the nation first and the king second as well as abolishing titles of nobility. |
| Constitution of 1791 | Declared the need for an elected and single-chamber legislative assembly (the King could temporarily ‘veto’ laws) and said that and men who owned property were allowed to vote but more property was needed to run for a position or to vote regionally. |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | Declared that rights are not a customer privilege but a natural right, freedom and equality, and for popular sovereignty of a nation. |
| Active Citizenship | The rights of men and those in power. Had voting, property, and other rights that passive citizens didn't have (heavily exclusive). |
| Passive Citizenship | The rights of women and minorities. Didn't have voting, property, and other rights that active citizens had (heavily excluded). |
| Jacobobins | Were bourgeois radicals (lawyers and journalists mainly) who were members of the Society of the Friends of the Constitution (the oldest French political club) who advocated for equal rights heavily regarding voting and land. |
| Sans-Culottes | Were non-bourgeois radicals (urban working people mainly) who were called those “without knee-pants”. |
| Louis Capet | Formerly Louis XVI (the last King of the Old Regime) is publicly executed by guillotine. |
| Republican Calendar | Replaced the traditional calendar with a completely rational (and secular) calendar consisting of even months, weeks, and days that are named by season. |
| Constitution of Year I (1793) | Republic not monarchy that revised the declaration. The Convention retained the one chamber elected legislature that consisted of electorate citizens, no active or passive, no property requirements, and still only men. |
| September Massacres | Inflamed by radical propaganda, ongoing food shortages, and fear of the invasion, crowds broke into the prisons where they attacked the prisoners and executed them. |
| Vendée revolt | A counter-revolutionary and Royalist uprising whose goal was to undo the revolution. |
| Reign of Terror | Declared in September 1793 and created the Law of Suspects. Over 250,000-300,00 died in all of France during this time. A time filled with fear befire the final overthrow of the Old Regime. |
| Maximilien Robespierre | The De Facto head of the committee of public safety who created the Report on the Principles of Political Morality (his political ideology) and was overthrown and executed during the Reign of Terror. |
| Law of Suspects | Authorized the creation of revolutionary tribunals to try those suspected of treason against the Republic and to punish those convicted with death. |
| "Republican Virtue" Robespierre | Ideology that relates in relation to the people and in relation to the government; it is necessary in both. |
| Absolute Monarchy | Rulers without formal checks to their power who believed they had the “Divine right to rule” as well as demotting nobility and other potential threats to the Monarchy. |
| Estates-General | Shared to rule through representative assemblies but they hadn't been called since 1614 due to most absolute control of the government. The 3 estates meet separately 1 vote each but wanted to “Double the third” and “Vote by head”. |
| Great Chain of Being | The order was God, Angels, Humans (First, Second, Third Estate), Beasts, Plants, Rocks and was based on the participation of religion and determined divinity. |
| Enlightenment | Shift from the 16th-18th centuries moved away from a static social hierarchy and moved toward a scientific thought process of reason-based thinking rather than emotion-based thinking. Had a new faith in science and progress. |
| "Public Opinion" | The views of those who discussed public issues through press, pamphlets, gossip. etc. and were recognized as a political force to be taken seriously. |
| "Noble Revolt" | An era of reforms blocked by notables and parliament through 1787-1789 during a fiscal crisis in France. The Royal Minister made sweeping reforms (tax on all landholders and local representative assemblies). |
| “Thermidorian Reaction” | Named after the month in which the coup took place and was the latter part of the National Convention's rule of France and stood for the post-radicalization of France. |
| Constitution of the Year III (1795) | A 5 Male executive board called The Directory and a 2-House Legislature. The preamble was the Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man and Citizen. |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | Saw himself as a revolutionary who started as only a figure-head and took over and became the dictator and an absolute monarch of France by consolidating power, gutting civil liberties and minimizing democracy. |
| Consular Constitution (1799) | Two Consuls and enshrined Napoleon as First Consul. |
| Napoleonic Code | The Civil Code of 1804 that called for the abolition of privilege (Feudalism), patriarchal with regards to families where women's rights are greatly restricted, paternalistic with regard to workers where labor unions were prohibited. |
| Saint-Domingue | French owned territory (Today is called Haiti) that had a slave based sugar production caused a boom of colonial goods that produced 40% of sugar consumed by Europe. |
| "Creole" Slaves | People who were born from slaves on the Caribbean Island that made up about 500,000 people. |
| "Free People of Color" | People of color who were not slaves and could even own their own plantations who made up about 25,000 people. |
| "Little Whites" | Also known as petits blancs were the white common people in Saint Domingue. |
| Society of the Friends of Blacks | A French abolitionist society (made up of little whites) who called for the abolition of the slave trade on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen nd was rooted in the Enlightenment. |
| Marronage | Consisted of people who escaped slavery to create independent groups and communities on the outskirts of slave societies. |
| Emancipation Proclamation | A declaration made by Léger Félicité Sonthonax to free the slaves of the northern province of Saint-Domingue. |
| Toussaint Louverture | An ex-slave was the leader of the insurgent blacks of Saint-Domingue who switched sides from fighting for Spain to fighting for France and focused on rebuilding the sugar and coffee plantations post-emancipation to keep the economy of the island stable. |
| Haitian Declaration of Independence | Declared unity against racism & colonialism and refuge for all enslaved peoples. This lead to the creation of the Haitian flag where the white from the French flag was cut out. |
| Autocracy | The personal rule of the Tsar without limits in the government. |
| Tsar Nicholas II | The last reigning Emperor who had complete autocracy of Russia. |
| Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) | Associated with the countryside and their belief in populism. |
| Menshiveks | The right-leaning faction within the RSDLP of the underground Marxist Socialist Party. |
| Bolshiveks | The left-leaning faction within the RSDLP of the underground Marxist Socialist Party. Led by Vladimir Lenin and would go on to rule Soviet ad the Communist Russia. |
| Vladamir Lenin | Leader of the Bolsheviks of the RSDLP who would become the face of the Russian Socialist Revolution. |
| Revolution of 1905 | Also called Bloody Sunday of January 9th was a peasantry uprising where the governments overreacted to a peaceful protest killing citizens causing revolts. |
| Duma | Elected legislative Russian Assembly created by Tsar Nicholas II to diffuse the 1905 Revolution but had little to no power and was filled with corrupt democracy. |
| Total War | War in which entire societies' resources are mobilized and united behind war efforts and lines blurred between military and civilians which now intermingled and affected one another. |
| Vanguard Party | To provide the working classes with the political consciousness (education and organisation) and revolutionary leadership necessary to depose capitalism. |
| "Dictatorship of the Proletariat" | Dictatorship of majority through the party by using the state to sideline “class enemies” by force and implement a transition to socialism. |
| February Revolution | Protestors outside of Tsars Palace called for the end of the old regime. The soldiers were ordered to shut down the protests but instead, they rebelled and overthrew Tsar NIcholas II. |
| Provisional Government | A temporary body that would govern Russia in place of the Tsar until elections could be held. Run by all Liberal Ministers except Alexander Kerensky (the one SR of the Cabinet) and leading figures of the old Duma. |
| Soviets | Councils of workers (Soldiers and Peasants) that consisted of grassroots assemblies that elected their delegates. |
| Kornilov Affair | Counter-revolutionary coup attempt which was foiled by the Petrograd troops (which consisted of organized workers and Red Guard militias) who attempted to replace the current government with the dictatorship of the military. |
| Leon Trotsky | A Bolshevik leader who bartered for the release of the Soviets to help the Provisional Government and was released from jail and returned to the Bolsheviks in May of 1917. |
| "Burzhui" | The Russian word for the bourgeoisie that plays on the distinction between them (the top) and us (the bottom) and became a term for the upper class to distance themselves from the working class. |
| October/Bolshevik Revolution | Wanted an all-socialist coalition that could replace the Dual Power government of the Old Regime. Lenin calls for immediate action due to ideas of counterrevolutions They overtake through insurrection to claim the Soviets were the rightful government. |
| Order No. 1 | The decree in which the Petrograd Soviets (not the Duma) gained control over the military due to cementing loyalty by democratizing the Russian Military. |
| April Theses | Vladimir Lenin's Essay called The April Theses that popularized programs of “Peace, land, bread” “All power to the Soviets” and “Workers control production”. |
| Russian Republican Constitution (1918) | Declaration of the Rights of Laboring and Exploited People that formally recognized the working class as the ruling class of Russia according to the principle of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Excluding the "Disenfranchised People". |
| Cheka | The Secret Security Police also known as the Extraordinary Commission to combat Counterrevolution, Sabotage, and Speculation. |
| Russian Civil War | Happened between 1918 and 1921 between the Whites (loyalist Russian Armies fighting under Anti-Bolshevik Leaders) to displace the Bolshevik's rule and the Reds (the current Soviet Government) trying to hold onto the government they built. |
| War Communism | Nationalization of all industries and the introduction of strict centralized management. |
| New Economic Policy (NEP) | Redistributing poverty instead of wealth and reintroduced elements of market economy in agriculture and small-scale industry. |
| 10th Party Congress (1921) | New softer line in the economic NEP and harder line in politics on a ban of factions within the communist party. |
| Purges (Chitski) | Happened in 1921 and again in 1929 and then annually from 1933 and so on. |
| New Soviet Person | The transformation of citizens into new habits and ways of life (an archetype of a person with specific qualities that were said to be emerging). |
| Joseph Stalin | The new ruler who took over the communist party (rather than the Soviets) after Lenin died in 1924. He weaponized the ban on party factions and put himself in complete control. |
| Nepmen | Caricatures reflecting capitalists (greedy, non-working, etc.) That was built on anti-burzhi sentiment and evaporates due to lack of structural support before the First 5YP. |
| First Five-Year Plan (1929-1932) | The goal was to expand the industrial base (at breakneck speed). Focused on heavy industry (producer goods, not consumer goods). Succeed with production goals met in 4 years rather than 5 years. Caused incredible social pain due to rapidness of success. |
| Collective Farms (Kolkhoz) | The goal was to create a surplus for cities (exports). Officially voluntary mechanized farms that were large-scale and if you didn’t volunteer taxes were increased. Production increased so heavily there were several famines across Russia. |
| Kulaks | A wealthy or prosperous peasant, generally characterized as one who owned a relatively large farm and several head of cattle and horses and who was financially capable of employing hired labour and leasing land. |
| Soviet Constitution (Stalin Constitution) (1936) | Stated the USSR was a socialist state that eliminated exploitation and class conflict. The "Disenfranchised People" were repealed and all Soviet citizens could now have equal rights. The personal (not productive) property was protected heavily. |
| "New Class" | Replaced capitalist forms of social disparity with a new class of social disparity through privillges. |
| Gulag (Main Administration of Labor Camps) | Run by the renamed NKVD (peoples commissariat of internal affairs) and the Cheka (Extraordinary commission to combat counterrevolution, sabotage, and speculation) which were were camps that punished "enemies of the people" |
| Great Purges | Trial victims ("enemies of the people") that were executed or killed for revolting against Stalin and the Soviet (Communist) Government. |
| "Enemy of the People" | Stalin’s actual and potential rivals that fought against is position and ideals. |
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