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Topic 4 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| republic | governments in which people elect their representatives |
| unicameral legislation | a lawmaking body with a single house elected by the people |
| bicameral legislation | a lawmaking body with two houses |
| Articles of Confederation | the original constitution for the union of the states |
| John Dickinson | Under his leadership, Congress created an alliance of 13 states rather than a centralized nation |
| federal | national |
| Northwest Territory | The land north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania to the Mississippi River |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | Congress set up a system for distributing the lands, dividing the land into hundreds of townships, each with 36 “sections” of one square mile |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | Provided a government for the western territory |
| Shays' Rebellion | Led by Daniel Shays, in 1786, the Massachusetts army stopped an uprising by farmers who wanted to stop foreclosures |
| Alexander Hamilton | A founding father who fought during the American Revolution with George Washington. After the war, he studied law and later became the first Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. |
| James Madison | Known as the Father of the Constitution, in 1787 he was a leading voice in replacing the Articles of Confederation with a new plan. He went on to serve as Thomas Jefferson’s secretary of state and then the 4th president of the US |
| Virginia Plan | James Madison’s proposal for a bicameral legislature with representation based on population |
| New Jersey Plan | William Paterson’s proposal for a unicameral legislature with each state having one vote |
| Great Compromise | A compromise between the Virginia and New Jersey Plans for a bicameral legislature; each state would have equal representation in the Senate and varied representation based on the state’s population, in the House of Representatives |
| Federalism | A system where power is shared between the national and state governments |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | A compromise in which each enslaved person in a state would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of legislative representation |
| Ratification | An official approval |
| Federalist | Someone who favored ratification of the Constitution and wanted a strong central government |
| Antifederalist | Someone who opposed ratification of the Constitution and wanted stronger state governments |
| The Federalist | A series of 85 essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, that explained and defended the Constitution |
| John Jay | A New York attorney who joined the Patriots during the American Revolution and served in the Continental Congress, where he served as president. He was appointed the first Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court by George Washington |
| Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments to the Constitution, protecting freedoms guaranteed to citizens by the government |
| Popular sovereignty | A principle in which the people are the only source of government power |
| Limited government | Government only has powers granted by the people through the Constitution |
| Separation of powers | Division of government into groups to limit its power |
| Checks and balances | Each branch of government can limit actions of other branches to protect against abuse of power |
| Electoral college | Group of electors from each state, with each elector receiving one vote in presidential elections; votes are usually based on the popular vote |
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