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HLF Exam 1 SG
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Roll Calls | Assembled on square for headcount; collective punishment to witness punishment or death of other prisoners; used to put together work units; forced to stand outside in all types of weather; could take hours |
| Adolf Eichmann | SS officer; director of Jewish Affairs; deported over 1.5 million Jews to Poland, mostly to Auschwitz-Birkenau; personally oversaw deportation of 440,000 Hungarian Jews to killing centers; sentenced to death after 1960-1 trial in Israel |
| Muselman/Muselmen | Self-named terribly suffering prisoners who are extremely health deprived |
| Selection | Happened after transport and often in killing centers to determine who was strong enough to work, and who had to die; prisoners too young or too old would lie about their age |
| Kapo/Capo | Prisoners primarily criminals or Jewish inmates with special privileges such as better food, housing, clothing; would supervise work units and quota progress, implement SS work orders, keep track of and keep inmates in line (sometimes brutally) |
| Genocide | the systemic and planned extermination of an entire national racial, political or ethnic group; declared by U.N. as international crime |
| Pogrom | Russian word; to wreak havoc; refers to mass killings of Jews in Eastern Europe and Kristallnacht |
| Deicide | Killing of a god; Jews were accused of this when it came to the crucifixion of Christ |
| Blood Libel | False belief that Jews killed Christian children and used their blood in rituals |
| Anti-Zionism | Denying Jewish people their right to self-determination (right to have their own homeland) |
| Protocol of the Learned Elders of Zion | Published in Russia 1903; plagiarized from political satire to discredit Napoleon III in France; confidential minutes from meetings outlining Jewish plans to take over industries, infiltrate governments and media to advance their hidden agendas |
| Holocaust Denial | Denying or trivializing the Holocaust; saying that Jewish death numbers are an exaggeration, deaths in concentration camps were due to disease or starvation; undermine legitimacy of state of Israel; to draw attention to particular issues and view points |
| Anschluss | Annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany on March 12, 1938; non-violent takeover due to widespread pro-Nazi sentiments in Austria; Kristallnacht key moment |
| Kristallnacht | "Night of Broken Glass;" pogrom; November 9-10, 1938; marked shift from antisemitic rhetoric and legislation to violence; instigated by the Nazi regime; destroyed synagogues, vandalized or looted Jewish businesses, killed , injured, and arrested Jews |
| Kindertransports | Transported 9,000 to 10,000 children under 17 to Great Britain between 1938-1940; from Germany, Austria, and Czech; response to Kristallnacht; temporary travel visas; citizens or organizations fund child’s care; stayed with families, on farms, or hostels |
| Ghettos | often enclosed districts that isolated Jews; used for Nazi propaganda on how well they treated Jews (Warshaw, Theresienstadt) |
| Transit Camps | temporary holding facilities for Jews awaiting deportation (Dancy, Westerbork) |
| Concentration Camps | for the detention of civilians seen as real or perceived enemies of the Reich (Dachau, Buchenwald) |
| Forced Labor Camps | Exploited the labor of prisoners for economic gain and to meet labor shortages (Auschwitz 3, Christianstadt) |
| Extermination Camps | Killing centers for assembly-line style murder of large numbers of people upon arrival (Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka) |
| Triangles/Badges | Identified where inmates were from and reason for their arrest; could be overlapping |
| Sonderkommando | "Special Commando;" mostly Jewish prisoners forced to work in gas chambers and crematoria; replaced every three months |
| Organizing | Concentration camp code word for stealing |
| Final Solution | Started 1941; plan to annihilate Jewish people via killing centers; ghettos systematically destroyed |
| SS | "Schutzstaffel" (Protection Squads); Hitler’s elite executive force prepared to carry out all security related duties without regard to legal restraint; commanded all concentration camps in Germany and Germany occupied territory |
| Gestapo | (Geheime Staatspolizei) German secret state police under SS control; no judicial or legal oversight; brutal interrogation methods; relied on public cooperation; assess political opponents; organized deportations of Jews from across Europe |
| Death Marches | Forced evacuations of concentration camps during winter of 1944-45 to the inner Reich/Germany; used to gain hostages, forced laborers, and elimination of witnesses; many died of exhaustion and exposure; kill weak prisoners; carried out by Heimlech Himmler |
| DP Camps | In Allied zones of Germany, Austria, and Italy; Housed POWs, forced laborers, war refugees, survivors of concentration camps; Administered by Allies and UNRRA |
| Anti-Israel | Comparing contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis |
| Nuremburg Laws | 1935; racial laws; three or more grandparents determined Jewish status; denied Jews citizenship and rights (Reich Citizenship Law); banned marriage and sexual relations between Jews and non-Jews (Law for Protection of German Blood and Honor) |
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