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Cell Struct/Function
Microbiology Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| two main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells: | how they package their DNA and how they contain their internal structures |
| coccus | sphere in shape |
| bacillus | rod-like in shape |
| cell envelope | plasma membrane and all layers external to it |
| capsule or slime layer | outermost layer of cell envelope |
| cell wall | middle layer of cell envelope |
| plasma membrane | innermost layer of cell envelope |
| cell membrane | phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; anchors proteins, energy conservation and consumption |
| hydrophobic | non-polar water hating |
| hydrophilic | polar water loving |
| amphipathic | both polar and nonpolar ends |
| saturated plasma membranes | all carbons fully saturated with hydrogen, single bonds |
| unsaturated plama membranes | at least one carbon double bonded, not saturated with H |
| warmer temperatures | increase fluidity |
| colder temperatures | decrease fluidity |
| integral proteins | embedded in membrane, insoluble |
| peripheral proteins | loosely connected to membrane, soluble |
| jobs of integral proteins: | transport in/out of cell, energy processes, interact with environment |
| macronutrients | needed in large amounts (cations like iron) |
| micronutrients | needed in small amounts (zinc, copper) |
| growth factors | can't synthesize, get from environment (vitamins, purines) |
| passive diffusion | move from higher concentration to lower by concentration gradient, no energy needed, gases and non-charged molecules |
| facilitated diffusion | molecules move across with help of transport proteins, carrier proteins and channel proteins, no energy required |
| active transport | molecules moved against concentration gradient via carrier proteins, requires energy |
| antiporters | one molecule moves out while another molecule brought in |
| symporters | two different molecules move in the same direction |
| group translocation | molecule is chemically modified when moved into the cell by carrier proteins, creates a one-way street |
| siderophores | molecules released by bacteria, bind iron, bring back |
| gram positive bacteria | have a single plasma membrane |
| gram negative bacteria | have 2 plasma membranes (outer and inner) |
| hypertonic solution | water moves out, plasmolysis (cell shrinks) |
| hypotonic solution | water moves in, osmotic lysis (cell bursts) |
| isotonic solution | no net movement, outside=inside |
| porins | found in gram negative bacteria, form channels across the cell wall |
| teichoic acid | found in gram positive bacteria, made of glycopolymers, bound to PPG or membrane, aid in cell shape, division, and antimicrobial resistance |
| exotoxin | produced in the cell and transported out of cell, typically associated with gram positive bacteria |
| endotoxin | a part of the cell, typically associated with gram negative bacteria |
Created by:
lainey2790
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